scholarly journals Weight and Body Composition Changes during the First Three Years of College

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sareen S. Gropper ◽  
Karla P. Simmons ◽  
Lenda Jo Connell ◽  
Pamela V. Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Healthy Lifestyles ◽  
Freshman Year ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Composition Changes ◽  
Number Of Males

Differences in weight, body mass index (BMI), percent and absolute body fat, fat-free mass, and waist circumference were investigated in a group of males and females during the first three years (from 2007 to 2010) of college. Significant three-year gains were observed for weight2.1±4.7 kg, BMI0.7±1.6 kg/m2, percent body fat2.7±3.3%, and fat mass2.3±3.5 kg. A significant loss of fat-free mass, −0.5 kg, was observed among females. Absolute gains in weight, BMI, and percent and absolute body fat were highest during the freshman year, followed by the junior year, and lowest during the sophomore year. Among the 70% of students gaining weight over the three years, weight gain averaged 4.3 kg. The numbers of females with over 30% body fat doubled, and the number of males with over 20% body fat increased fivefold. Initially 15% of students were classified as obese/overweight and 79% normal weight; by the end of the junior year, 24% were obese/overweight and 70% were normal weight. Efforts on college campuses to promote healthy lifestyles among its student population are needed throughout the college years.

scholarly journals Body composition changes affect energy cost of running during 12 months of specific diet and training in amateur athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 938-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Ghiani ◽  
Elisabetta Marongiu ◽  
Franco Melis ◽  
Giuseppina Angioni ◽  
Irene Sanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Cost Of Running ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Composition Changes ◽  
Assess Body Composition ◽  
And Training ◽  
Specific Diet

Considering the relation between body weight composition and energy cost of running, we tested the hypothesis that by modifying body composition by means of a combined protocol of specific diet and training, the energy cost of motion (Cr) may be reduced. Forty-five healthy and normal-weight subjects were divided into 3 groups that performed a different treatment: the first group attended a dietary protocol (D), the second group participated in a running program (R), and the third group followed both the dietary and running protocols (R&D). Each subject underwent 3 anthropometric and exercise evaluation tests during 1 year (at entry (T0), month 6 (T6), and month 12 (T12)) to assess body composition and Cradjustments. The mean fat mass (FM) values were reduced in R&D from 12.0 ± 4.0 to 10.4 ± 3.0 kg (p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12) and in the D group from 14.2 ± 5.8 to 11.6 ± 4.7 kg (p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12). Conversely, the mean fat free mass values increased in R&D (from 56.3 ± 8.8 to 58.3 ± 9.8 kg, p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12) and in the D group (from 50.6 ± 13.2 to 52.9 ± 13.6 kg, p < 0.05 T0 vs. T12). The mean Cr values of the 2 groups were significantly modified throughout the 1-year protocol (1.48 ± 0.16 and 1.40 ± 0.15 kcal·kg–b·km−1in the R&D group at T0 and T12, respectively; 1.83 ± 0.17 and 1.76 ± 0.23 kcal·kg–b·km−1in D group at T0 to T12, respectively). The R&D and D groups that underwent the diet protocol had a positive change in body composition during the year (FM/fat free mass ratio decline), which determined a Crreduction.

Total Body Potassium and Body Fat Estimation in Relationship to Height, Sex, Age, Malnutrition and Obesity

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Edmonds ◽  
B. M. Jasani ◽  
T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Total Body

1. Total body potassium was estimated by 40K measurement with a high-sensitivity whole-body counter in normal individuals over a wide age range and in patients who were obese or were grossly wasted as a result of various conditions which restricted food intake. 2. Potassium concentration (mmol/kg body weight) fell with increasing age over 30 years in both normal males and females, but when individuals of different age groups were matched for height, a significant fall in total body potassium with increasing age was observed only in males. Total body potassium of females was about 75% that of males of similar height when young, the sex difference decreasing with ageing. In the normal population, total body potassium was significantly correlated with height and with weight; regression equations for various relationships are given. 3. Fat-free mass was estimated from total body potassium, values of 65 and 56 mmol of potassium/kg fat-free mass being used for males and females respectively. Body fat estimated by this method correlated well with skinfold measurements over a wide range of body weight but in malnourished individuals having inadequate food intake there was considerable discrepancy and present formulae for estimating fat-free mass from total body potassium appear unsatisfactory in malnutrition. Considerable differences between expected and observed values of total body potassium were found in muscular individuals and in normal individuals who were thin but whose body weight was relatively constant. 4. The patients with malnutrition were low both in body fat as estimated by skinfold thickness and in total body potassium estimated on the basis of height. Plasma potassium was, however, normal and potassium supplements did not increase the total body potassium. 5. Total body potassium of obese individuals was not significantly different from that of normal weight individuals on the basis of height. Total body potassium fell on weight reduction with a very low energy diet of 1260 kJ (300 kcal.) daily but changed little with a 3300 kJ (800 kcal.) diet over several months' observation. 6. For overweight, obese individuals, total body potassium was best predicted from the individual's height. For those whose body weight was less than expected, the use of weight gave the best prediction but the error was considerable when the weight deviation was large.

scholarly journals Body fat and fat-free mass inter-relationships: Forbes's theory revisited

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Original Equation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Composition Change ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Composition Changes

A theoretical equation was developed by Forbes that quantifies the fat-free proportion of a weight change as a function of the initial body fat. However, Forbes's equation was strictly valid only for infinitesimal weight changes. Here, I extended Forbes's equation to account for the magnitude and direction of macroscopic body weight changes. The new equation was also re-expressed in terms of an alternative representation of body composition change defined by an energy partitioning parameter called the P-ratio. The predictions of the resulting equations compared favourably with data from human underfeeding and overfeeding experiments and accounted for previously unexplained trends in the data. The magnitude of the body weight change had a relatively weak effect on the predicted body composition changes and the results were very similar to Forbes's original equation for modest weight changes. However, for large weight changes, such as the massive weight losses found in patients following bariatric surgery, Forbes's original equation consistently underestimated the fat-free mass loss, as expected. The new equation that accounts for the magnitude of the weight loss provides better predictions of body composition changes in such patients.

scholarly journals Intermittent Energy Restriction Attenuates the Loss of Fat Free Mass in Resistance Trained Individuals. A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill I. Campbell ◽  
Danielle Aguilar ◽  
Lauren M. Colenso-Semple ◽  
Kevin Hartke ◽  
Abby R. Fleming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Continuous Group ◽  
Continuous Energy ◽  
Group A ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Composition Changes

There is a lack of research into how lean, resistance trained (RT) individuals respond to intermittent energy restricted diets. Therefore, we investigated body composition changes in RT-individuals during continuous energy restriction or intermittent restriction. A total of 27 males and females (25 ± 6.1 years; 169 ± 9.4 cm; 80 ± 15.6 kg) were randomized to a ~25% caloric restricted diet Refeed (RF; n = 13) or Continuous group (CN; n = 14) in conjunction with 4-days/week resistance training for 7-weeks. RF implemented two consecutive days of elevated carbohydrate (CHO) intake, followed by 5-days of caloric restriction each week. CN adhered to a continuous 7-week caloric restriction. Body mass (BM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), dry fat-free mass (dFFM), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were assessed pre/post-diet. Both groups significantly reduced BM (RF: baseline = 76.4 ± 15.6 kg, post-diet = 73.2 ± 13.8 kg, Δ3.2 kg; CN: baseline = 83.1 ± 15.4 kg, post-diet = 79.5 ± 15 kg, Δ3.6 kg) and FM (RF: baseline = 16.3 ± 4 kg, post-diet = 13.5 ± 3.6 kg, Δ2.8 kg; CN: baseline = 16.7 ± 4.5 kg, post-diet = 14.4 ± 4.9 kg, Δ2.3 kg) with no differences between groups. FFM (RF: baseline = 60.1 ± 13.8 kg, post-diet = 59.7 ± 13.0 kg, 0.4 kg; CN: baseline = 66.4 ± 15.2 kg, post-diet = 65.1 ± 15.2 kg, Δ1.3 kg p = 0.006), dFFM (RF: baseline = 18.7 ± 5.0 kg, post-diet = 18.5 ± 4.5 kg, Δ0.2 kg; CN: baseline =21.9 ± 5.7 kg, post-diet = 20.0 ± 5.7 kg, Δ1.9 kg), and RMR (RF: baseline = 1703 ± 294, post-diet = 1665 ± 270, Δ38 kcals; CN: baseline = 1867 ± 342, post-diet = 1789 ± 409, Δ78 kcals) were better maintained in the RF group. A 2-day carbohydrate refeed preserves FFM, dryFFM, and RMR during energy restriction compared to continuous energy restriction in RT-individuals.

Basal and insulin-regulated free fatty acid and glucose metabolism in humans

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (6) ◽  
pp. E1770-E1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samyah Shadid ◽  
Jill A. Kanaley ◽  
Michael T. Sheehan ◽  
Michael D. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Glucose Flux

These studies were done to examine the effects of body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), sex, and fitness on basal and insulin-regulated FFA and glucose metabolism. We performed 137 experiments in 101 nondiabetic, premenopausal women and men, ranging from low normal weight to class III obese (BMI 18.0–40.5 kg/m2). Glucose flux was measured using [6-2H2]glucose and FFA kinetics with [9,10-3H]oleate under either basal (74 experiments) or euglycemic hyperinsulinemic (1.0 mU·kg FFM−1·min−1) clamp conditions (63 experiments). Consistent with our previous findings, REE and sex independently predicted basal FFA flux, whereas fat-free mass was the best predictor of basal glucose flux; in addition, percent body fat was independently and positively associated with basal glucose flux (total r2 = 0.52, P < 0.0001). Insulin-suppressed lipolysis remained significantly associated with REE ( r = 0.25, P < 0.05), but percent body fat also contributed (total adjusted r2 = 0.36, P < 0.0001), whereas sex was not significantly related to insulin-suppressed FFA flux. Glucose disposal during hyperinsulinemia was independently associated with peak V̇o2, percent body fat, and FFA concentrations (total r2 = 0.63, P < 0.0001) but not with sex. We conclude that basal glucose production is independently related to both FFM and body fatness. In addition, hyperinsulinemia obscures the sex differences in FFA release relative to REE, but brings out the effects of fatness on lipolysis.

scholarly journals Between-laboratory comparison of densitometry and bio-electrical impedance measurements

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Deurenberg ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Erica J. M. Velthuis-Te Wierik
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

Body composition was measured in nine healthy, normal-weight, weight-stable subjects in three different research centres. In each centre the usual procedures for the measurements were followed. It revealed that the measurement procedures in the three centres were comparable. Body composition was measured in each centre between 09.00 and 13.00 hours after a light breakfast by densitometry (underwater weighing) and bio-electrical impedance. A single, total-body-water determination by D2O dilution was used as a reference value. Body fat determined by densitometry was significantly lower in one centre, which, however, could be completely explained by a lower body weight, probably due to water loss (the subjects refrained for a longer time from food and drinks before the measurements in that centre) and, thus, by violation of the assumptions of Siri's (1961) formula. Also, body impedance was slightly higher in that centre, indicating a lower amount of body water. Mean body fat from densitometry was also slightly lower in that centre compared with body fat determined by D2O dilution. Individual differences between body fat from densitometry and from total body water were relatively large, up to 7% body fat. The relationship between fat-free mass from densitometry and bio-electrical impedance was not different between the centres. It is concluded that differences in the relationship between body composition and bio-electrical impedance, as reported in the literature, may be due to differences in standardization procedures and/or differences in reference population.

scholarly journals Body fat and fat-free mass measured by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in obese and non-obese adults

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (8) ◽  
pp. 1192-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Berstad ◽  
Anna Randby ◽  
Gunn Seim Ekeland ◽  
Hege Ulveland ◽  
Torbjørn Omland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bioelectric Impedance

The aim of the present study was to compare body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) estimates by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (BIS), with respective estimates by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in obese and non-obese subjects. Body composition was measured in ninety-three obese and non-obese men and women by BIS device, BodyScout (Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) and DXA device, Lunar iDXA (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). Mean difference between the methods was analysed by t tests, and Bland–Altman plots were generated to further examine the differences between the methods. Mean difference between the estimates by DXA and BIS (ΔDXA − BIS and Bland–Altman 95 % limits of agreement) were as follows: FM 4·1 ( − 2·9, 11·2) kg and 4·5 ( − 2·9, 11·8) %, FFM − 4·1 ( − 11·2, 2·9) kg and − 4·5 ( − 11·9, 2·9) %, indicating large inter-individual variation and statistically significant underestimation of FM and overestimation of FFM by BIS, as compared to DXA. The underestimation of FMkg (FM measured in kg) and overestimation of FFMkg (FFM measured in kg) were more pronounced in men than in women, and the underestimation of FM% (FM measured in percent) and overestimation of FFM% (FFM measured in percent) were more pronounced in normal weight (BMI = 20·0–24·9 kg/m2) than in overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 25·0 kg/m2) subjects. BIS may be suitable for classification of a population into groups according to FM and FFM. However, the large inter-individual variation suggests that this BIS device with the proprietary software is insufficient for estimation of single individual body FM and FFM.

scholarly journals Effects of different circuit training protocols on body mass, fat mass and blood parameters in overweight adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Contrò ◽  
Antonino Bianco ◽  
Jill Cooper ◽  
Alessia Sacco ◽  
Alessandra Macchiarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Circuit Training ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Training Protocols

Benefits of exercise are known for a long time, but mechanisms underlying the exercise mode recommendations for specific chronic cardiovascular diseases remain unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different circuit training protocols in order to determine which is the best for weight loss and for specific overweight- related disorders. Forty-five female sedentary overweight participants from 20 to 50 years (average 31.8±11.2) were enrolled and assigned to three different groups; each group was compared with a control normal-weight group. Three different circuit protocols were randomly assigned to each overweight group: aerobictone- aerobic (ATA), aerobic-circuit-aerobic (ACA) and mini-trampoline circuit (MTC), while control group performed a classic circuit weight training (CWT). Every group trained three times per week, for 12 weeks. The results show that ATA group reduced body fat and total body mass more than other groups (P&lt;0.001; P=0.007). ACA group reduced total body mass in significant statistical way (P=0.032), as well as body fat (P&lt;0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.013). In MTC group there was a significant reduction in every parameter we analyzed (total body mass, body fat and lipid profile: P&lt;0.001). CWT group has shown a significant loss only in body fat (P&lt;0.001). Every circuit protocol is optimal for reducing body fat and total body mass: however, MTC protocol has shown the best results on lipid profile.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Body Composition Changes after Preseason Training in Elite Handball Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3880
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Cichy ◽  
Andrzej Dudkowski ◽  
Marek Kociuba ◽  
Zofia Ignasiak ◽  
Anna Sebastjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Composition Changes ◽  
Training Protocol

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the estimated body composition of elite female and male Polish handball players during a five-week preseason training camp. Height and weight were measured, while body composition was estimated with bioelectrical impedance in 18 male and 17 female handball players before and after the five-week training protocol. Components of body composition included total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM), muscle mass (MM), and absolute and relative fat mass (FM). Weight and body mass index (BMI) did not change in males, but declined in females after five weeks of training. FM and %FM declined, while estimated TBW, FFM, and MM increased significantly after training in both males and females. In contrast, comparisons of log transformed ratios for changes in weight, the BMI and body composition in males and females, respectively, suggested that estimated TBW, FFM, and MM increased relatively more in females than in males, while FM and %FM decline relatively more in males than females. Overall, the five-week preseason training program modified the body composition of male and female handball players. FM and %FM decreased, while estimated TBW, FFM, and MM increased, in both males and females after the preseason training program. Comparisons of log transformed ratios for changes in body composition in males and females suggested sexual dimorphism in response to intensive preseason training.

scholarly journals Reference values of fat mass index and fat-free mass index in healthy Spanish adolescents.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodoro Durá-Travé ◽  
Fidel Gallinas-Victoriano ◽  
María Chueca-Guindulain ◽  
Sara Berrade-Zubiri ◽  
María Malumbres-Chacón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Mass Index ◽  
Body Compartments ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Transversal Study ◽  
Composition Changes

Abstract Background. Body mass index (BMI) does not allow to discriminate the composition of the different body compartments. The aim of this study is to elaborate reference values ​of the fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) in healthy adolescents using anthropometric techniques in order to be available as reference standards in daily clinical practice. Methods. Transversal study in 940 healthy Caucasian adolescents (370 males and 570 females), aged 10.1 to 14.9 years. Weight, height and skinfold thickness were registered, and BMI, percentage of total boy fat, FMI and FFMI, and FMI and FFMI percentiles were calculated. Results. In males a significant increase in the FFMI is observed, and the percentage of total body fat and FMI significantly decreased. In contrast, in females the percentage of body fat mass, FMI and FFMI significantly increased. Except for the 10 years, FMI was higher (p<0.05) in females in all ages. FFMI was higher (p<0.05) in males in all ages. FFMI and FMI percentiles for healthy adolescents (both sexes) categorized by age are displayed. Conclusions. Reference values of FMI and FFMI would be a very useful instrument for the diagnosis and analysis of body composition changes during the treatment of childhood obesity.

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