scholarly journals Mechanism of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Parmeggiani ◽  
Mario R. Romano ◽  
Ciro Costagliola ◽  
Francesco Semeraro ◽  
Carlo Incorvaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Oxidized Lipoproteins ◽  
Severe Vision Loss

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease that represents the most common cause of irreversible visual impairment among people over the age of 50 in Europe, the United States, and Australia, accounting for up to 50% of all cases of central blindness. Risk factors of AMD are heterogeneous, mainly including increasing age and different genetic predispositions, together with several environmental/epigenetic factors, that is, cigarette smoking, dietary habits, and phototoxic exposure. In the aging retina, free radicals and oxidized lipoproteins are considered to be major causes of tissue stress resulting in local triggers for parainflammation, a chronic status which contributes to initiation and/or progression of many human neurodegenerative diseases such as AMD. Experimental and clinical evidences strongly indicate the pathogenetic role of immunologic processes in AMD occurrence, consisting of production of inflammatory related molecules, recruitment of macrophages, complement activation, microglial activation and accumulation within those structures that compose an essential area of the retina known as macula lutea. This paper reviews some attractive aspects of the literature about the mechanisms of inflammation in AMD, especially focusing on those findings or arguments more directly translatable to improve the clinical management of patients with AMD and to prevent the severe vision loss caused by this disease.

scholarly journals Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Pathogenesis, Genetic Background, and the Role of Nutritional Supplements

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilita M. Moschos ◽  
Eirini Nitoda ◽  
Irini P. Chatziralli ◽  
Constantinos A. Demopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Light Radiation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Severe Vision Loss ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss and blindness worldwide, mainly affecting people over 65 years old. Dry and wet ARDM are the main types of the disease, which seem to have a multifactorial background. The aim of this review is to summarize the mechanisms of ARMD pathogenesis and exhibit the role of diet and nutritional supplements in the onset and progression of the disease. Environmental factors, such as smoking, alcohol, and, diet appear to interact with mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, contributing to the pathogenesis of ARMD. Inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress, induced by the daily exposure of retina to high pressure of oxygen and light radiation, have been also associated with ARMD lesions. Other than medical and surgical therapies, nutritional supplements hold a significant role in the prevention and treatment of ARMD, eliminating the progression of macular degeneration.

scholarly journals Introduction to the multi-author review on macular degeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Kauppinen
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Severe Vision Loss ◽  
Author Review ◽  
Dry Amd ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

AbstractProlonged life expectancies contribute to the increasing prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that is already the leading cause of severe vision loss among the elderly in developed countries. In dry AMD, the disease culminates into vast retinal atrophy, whereas the wet form is characterized by retinal edema and sudden vision loss due to neovascularization originating from the choroid beneath the Bruch’s membrane. There is no treatment for dry AMD and despite intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that suppress the neovessel formation, also wet AMD needs new therapies to prevent the disease progression and to serve patients lacking of positive response to current medicines. Knowledge on disease mechanisms is a prerequisite for the drug development, which is hindered by the multifactorial nature of AMD. Numerous distinguished publications have revealed AMD mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level and in this multi-author review, we take a bit broader look at the topic with some novel aspects.

scholarly journals Intravitreal Ranibizumab Treatment and Treatment Regimens in Wet-Form (Neovascular) Age-Related Macular Degeneration

2017 ◽  
pp. 189-197
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Intravitreal Ranibizumab ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ranibizumab Treatment

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic and progressive disease of the central retina that causes vision loss in people over 50 years of age. With an understanding of the role of VEGF in AMD, intravitreal anti-VEGF agents are used as the most important therapeutic tool in the management of AMD. In this review we try to discuss intravitreal ranibizumab treatment and treatment regimens in wet (neovascular) age-related macular degeneration.

scholarly journals Modern view on the etiopathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and the role of molecular genetic determinants in it

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
N.V. Malachkova ◽  
Mohammad Mashhour Mohammad Masa’deh ◽  
Osama Mohammad Miteb Al-Jarrah ◽  
H.P. Liudkevych ◽  
D.S. Sukhan
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Age Related

Age-related macular degeneration mainly affects the elderly and is one of the most common causes of rapidly progressive vision loss. Over more than 150 years of research, the scientific community has gone from understanding the macroscopic picture of the lesion, presumable identification of drusen as the main morphological manifestation of nosology, to detailed classifications and determine the role of genetic determinants in the etiopathogenesis of the disease — high specificity, the possibility of preventive analysis, and much unclear in the field of genetic diagnosis of eye diseases determine the accurate attention of specialized research groups to the early diagnosis using genetic analysis. The review article was aimed to systematize the information about possible links in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and identify potential polymorphisms that can initiate and modulate the activity of these links. During the study, we could find out five main mechanisms of damage to the vascular membrane of the eye itself, which are affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms. The hig­hest affinity was shown by genetic variants of separate sites of CFH (rs1061170), HTRA1 (rs11200638), TNF (rs1800629), VEGFA (rs2010963). Literature data obtained from foreign and national sources indexed by Scopus, Web of Science databases, in particular for the last 5 years, pay special attention to these areas as potential predictors or modifiers of pathological processes involved in the process of macular degeneration. Despite the large number of studies examining the predisposition, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of age-related macular degeneration to stop the spread of vision loss, only a few issues are understood thoroughly. Considering the successful cases of application of biological and gene therapy for the management of such patients, we see new horizons in the detailed study of molecular interactions that underlie the pathology. The review confirms the active role of polymorphisms in one of the most relevant pathological processes of the human eye.

scholarly journals AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION – CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND PROPHYLAXIS METHODS

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-772
Author(s):  
Tetiana M. Komarova ◽  
Oksana P. Vitovska ◽  
Julia I. Komisarenko ◽  
Vita M. Kohan
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Current State ◽  
Central Vision Loss ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Inappropriate Treatment ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Chronic Progressive Disease

The aim: Analyze the ophthalmic studies on diagnostics and treatment of patients with age-related macular degeneration to optimize diagnostics and management tactics. Materials and methods: The analysis of scientific papers due to age-related macular degeneration, vitamin D and its functions from scientometric databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science. The methods were next: systematic approach, analysis, summarization and comparison. Conclusions: Age-related macular degeneration is a chronic, progressive disease among people older than 50 years. Late diagnostics and inappropriate treatment may lead to irreversible central vision loss and social disadaptation. Modern studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of this pathology (that are due to the role of the immune system, antioxidants and microelements) demonstrate the effectiveness and prospects for further development around the world to find new ways to solve this problem.

scholarly journals Age Related Macular Degeneration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maeva Dufies
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Severe Vision Loss

Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease associated with aging of the central area of the retina called the macula. It results in a progressive loss of central vision.In western countries, AMD is the leading cause of severe vision loss in people over the age of 50. About 25 to 30 million people suffer from AMD. Due to the aging of the population, this figure could double in the next 35 years.

scholarly journals Hypoxic drive caused type 3 neovascularization in a preclinical model of exudative age-related macular degeneration

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (20) ◽  
pp. 3475-3485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Zhang ◽  
Xuan Cui ◽  
Yangjun Han ◽  
Karen Sophia Park ◽  
Xiaohong Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Exudative Amd ◽  
Type 3 Neovascularization ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Severe Vision Loss ◽  
Type 3

Abstract Hypoxia associated with the high metabolic demand of rods has been implicated in the pathology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of adult blindness in the developed world. The majority of AMD-associated severe vision loss cases are due to exudative AMD, characterized by neovascularization. To further investigate the causes and histopathology of exudative AMD, we conditionally induced hypoxia in a novel preclinical AMD model (Pde6gcreERT2/+;Vhl−/−) by targeting Vhl and used multimodal imaging and immunohistochemistry to track the development of hypoxia-induced neovascularization. In addition to developing a preclinical model that phenocopies exudative AMD, our studies revealed that the photoreceptor hypoxic response initiates and drives type 3 neovascularization, mainly in the outer retina. Activation of the VHL-HIF1a-VEGF-EPO pathway in the adult retina led to long-term neovascularization, retinal hemorrhages and compromised retinal layers. Our novel preclinical model would accelerate the testing of therapies that use metabolomic approaches to ameliorate AMD.

scholarly journals Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Insights into Inflammatory Genes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaella Cascella ◽  
Michele Ragazzo ◽  
Claudia Strafella ◽  
Filippo Missiroli ◽  
Paola Borgiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Inflammatory Genes ◽  
Complement Proteins ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects approximately 8.7% of elderly people worldwide (>55 years old). AMD is characterized by a multifactorial aetiology that involves several genetic and environmental risk factors (genes, ageing, smoking, family history, dietary habits, oxidative stress, and hypertension). In particular, ageing and cigarette smoking (including oxidative compounds and reactive oxygen species) have been shown to significantly increase susceptibility to the disease. Furthermore, different genes (CFH, CFI, C2, C3, IL-6, IL-8,andARMS2) that play a crucial role in the inflammatory pathway have been associated with AMD risk. Several genetic and molecular studies have indicated the participation of inflammatory molecules (cytokines and chemokines), immune cells (macrophages), and complement proteins in the development and progression of the disease. Taking into consideration the genetic and molecular background, this review highlights the genetic role of inflammatory genes involved in AMD pathogenesis and progression.

scholarly journals The Role of Diet, Micronutrients and the Gut Microbiota in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: New Perspectives from the Gut-Retina Axis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Rinninella ◽  
Maria Cristina Mele ◽  
Nicolò Merendino ◽  
Marco Cintoni ◽  
Gaia Anselmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial disease and the primary cause of legal and irreversible blindness among individuals aged >=65 years in developed countries. Globally, it affects 30-50 million individuals, with an estimated increase of approximately 200 million by 2020 and approximately 300 million by 2040. Currently, the neovascular form may be able to be treated with the use of anti-VEGF drugs, while no effective treatments are available for the dry form. Many observational studies, such as AREDS-1 and AREDS 2, have shown a potential role of micronutrient supplementation in lowering the risk of progression of the early stages of AMD. Recently, low-grade inflammation, sustained by dysbiosis and a leaky gut, has been shown to contribute to the development of AMD. Given the ascertained influence of the gut microbiota in systemic low-grade inflammation and its potential modulation by macro- and micro-nutrients, a potential role of diet in AMD has been proposed. This review discusses the role of the gut microbiota in the development of AMD. Using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, we searched for recent scientific evidence discussing the impact of dietary habits (high fat and high glucose or fructose diets), micronutrients (vitamins C, E, and D, zinc, beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin) and omega-3 fatty acids on the modulation of the gut microbiota and their relationship with AMD risk and progression.

Aflibercept Treatment and Treatment Algorithms in Wet-Form (Neovascular) Age-Related Macular Degeneration

2017 ◽  
pp. 198-205
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Neovascular Amd ◽  
Treatment Algorithms ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Severe Vision Loss ◽  
Degenerative Disorder ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) commonly develops after the age of 50. AMD is a progressive degenerative disorder of the macula in which central vision becomes impaired and leading cause of blindness. Severe vision loss occurs in the late stages of the disease. Untreated wet-form (neovascular) AMD leads to a rapid loss of vision in the affected eye. Many studies have shown vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a key mediator in wet-form (neovascular) AMD. This review mentions the aflibercept treatment and treatment algorithms in wet-form (neovascular) age-related macular degeneration.

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