scholarly journals The Cosmic History of Black Hole Growth from Deep Multiwavelength Surveys

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Treister ◽  
C. Megan Urry
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Black Hole Growth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hole Growth ◽  
Cosmic History

Significant progress has been made in the last few years on understanding how supermassive black holes form and grow. In this paper, we begin by reviewing the spectral signatures of active galactic nuclei (AGN) ranging from radio to hard X-ray wavelengths. We then describe the most commonly used methods to find these sources, including optical/UV, radio, infrared, and X-ray emission, and optical emission lines. We then describe the main observational properties of the obscured and unobscured AGN population. Finally, we summarize the cosmic history of black hole accretion, that is, when in the history of the universe supermassive black holes were getting most of their mass. We finish with a summary of open questions and a description of planned and future observatories that are going to help answer them.

scholarly journals The Multiwavelength AGN Population and the X-ray Background

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (S304) ◽  
pp. 188-194
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Treister ◽  
Claudia M. Urry ◽  
Kevin Schawinski ◽  
Brooke D. Simmons ◽  
Priyamvada Natarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Black Hole Growth ◽  
Hole Growth ◽  
X Ray Background

AbstractIn order to fully understand galaxy formation we need to know when in the cosmic history are supermassive black holes (SMBHs) growing more intensively, in what type of galaxies this growth is happening and what fraction of these sources are invisible at most wavelengths due to obscuration. Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) population synthesis models that can explain the spectral shape and intensity of the cosmic X-ray background (CXRB) indicate that most of the SMBH growth occurs in moderate-luminosity (LX~ 1044 erg/s) sources (Seyfert-type AGN), at z~ 0.5−1 and in heavily obscured but Compton-thin, NH~ 1023cm−2, systems. However, this is not the complete history, as a large fraction of black hole growth does not emit significantly in X-rays either due to obscuration, intrinsic low luminosities or large distances. The integrated intensity at high energies indicates that a significant fraction of the total black hole growth, 22%, occurs in heavily-obscured systems that are not individually detected in even the deepest X-ray observations. We further investigate the AGN triggering mechanism as a function of bolometric luminosity, finding evidence for a strong connection between significant black hole growth events and major galaxy mergers from z~ 0 to z~ 3, while less spectacular but longer accretion episodes are most likely due to other (stochastic) processes. AGN activity triggered by major galaxies is responsible for ~60% of the total black hole growth. Finally, we constrain the total accreted mass density in supermassive black holes at z > 6, inferred via the upper limit derived from the integrated X-ray emission from a sample of photometrically selected galaxy candidates. We estimate an accreted mass density <1000 M⊙Mpc−3 at z~ 6, significantly lower than the previous predictions from some existing models of early black hole growth and earlier prior observations.

scholarly journals The clustering of undetected high-redshift black holes and their signatures in cosmic backgrounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 489 (1) ◽  
pp. 1006-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Ricarte ◽  
Fabio Pacucci ◽  
Nico Cappelluti ◽  
Priyamvada Natarajan
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
High Redshift ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Black Hole Growth ◽  
Infrared Background ◽  
Hydrodynamical Simulations ◽  
Hole Growth ◽  
Rule Out

ABSTRACT There exist hitherto unexplained fluctuations in the cosmic infrared background on arcminute scales and larger. These have been shown to cross-correlate with the cosmic X-ray background, leading several authors to attribute the excess to a high-redshift growing black hole population. In order to investigate potential sources that could explain this excess, in this paper, we develop a new framework to compute the power spectrum of undetected sources that do not have constant flux as a function of halo mass. In this formulation, we combine a semi-analytic model for black hole growth and their simulated spectra from hydrodynamical simulations. Revisiting the possible contribution of a high-redshift black hole population, we find that too much black hole growth is required at early epochs for z &gt; 6 accretion to explain these fluctuations. Examining a population of accreting black holes at more moderate redshifts, z ∼ 2–3, we find that such models produce a poor fit to the observed fluctuations while simultaneously overproducing the local black hole mass density. Additionally, we rule out the hypothesis of a missing Galactic foreground of warm dust that produces coherent fluctuations in the X-ray via reflection of Galactic X-ray binary emission. Although we firmly rule out accreting massive black holes as the source of these missing fluctuations, additional studies will be required to determine their origin.

scholarly journals Probing black hole accretion tracks, scaling relations, and radiative efficiencies from stacked X-ray active galactic nuclei

2019 ◽  
Vol 493 (1) ◽  
pp. 1500-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Shankar ◽  
David H Weinberg ◽  
Christopher Marsden ◽  
Philip J Grylls ◽  
Mariangela Bernardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Black Hole Accretion ◽  
Black Hole Masses ◽  
Hole Accretion

ABSTRACT The masses of supermassive black holes at the centres of local galaxies appear to be tightly correlated with the mass and velocity dispersions of their galactic hosts. However, the local Mbh–Mstar relation inferred from dynamically measured inactive black holes is up to an order-of-magnitude higher than some estimates from active black holes, and recent work suggests that this discrepancy arises from selection bias on the sample of dynamical black hole mass measurements. In this work, we combine X-ray measurements of the mean black hole accretion luminosity as a function of stellar mass and redshift with empirical models of galaxy stellar mass growth, integrating over time to predict the evolving Mbh–Mstar relation. The implied relation is nearly independent of redshift, indicating that stellar and black hole masses grow, on average, at similar rates. Matching the de-biased local Mbh–Mstar relation requires a mean radiative efficiency ε ≳ 0.15, in line with theoretical expectations for accretion on to spinning black holes. However, matching the ‘raw’ observed relation for inactive black holes requires ε ∼ 0.02, far below theoretical expectations. This result provides independent evidence for selection bias in dynamically estimated black hole masses, a conclusion that is robust to uncertainties in bolometric corrections, obscured active black hole fractions, and kinetic accretion efficiency. For our fiducial assumptions, they favour moderate-to-rapid spins of typical supermassive black holes, to achieve ε ∼ 0.12–0.20. Our approach has similarities to the classic Soltan analysis, but by using galaxy-based data instead of integrated quantities we are able to focus on regimes where observational uncertainties are minimized.

scholarly journals Obscured AGN

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (S304) ◽  
pp. 43-43
Author(s):  
Amy Barger
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Substantial Fraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
James Clerk Maxwell ◽  
Supermassive Black Hole ◽  
Black Hole Growth ◽  
Deep Fields ◽  
Hole Growth

AbstractObscured AGN may correspond to a substantial fraction of the supermassive black hole growth rate. I will present new surveys with the SCUBA-2 instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope of the Chandra Deep Fields and discuss whether we can distinguish obscured AGN in hard X-ray and radio selected samples using submillimeter observations.

scholarly journals The Hard X‐Ray Spectrum as a Probe for Black Hole Growth in Radio‐Quiet Active Galactic Nuclei

2008 ◽  
Vol 682 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohad Shemmer ◽  
W. N. Brandt ◽  
Hagai Netzer ◽  
Roberto Maiolino ◽  
Shai Kaspi
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Active Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Black Hole Growth ◽  
Hole Growth

scholarly journals The Distribution and Evolution of Black Hole Mass in Broad Line Quasars

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S267) ◽  
pp. 263-263
Author(s):  
Brandon C. Kelly ◽  
Marianne Vestergaard ◽  
Xiaohui Fan ◽  
Lars Hernquist ◽  
Philip Hopkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Mass Function ◽  
Sloan Digital Sky Survey ◽  
Broad Line ◽  
Black Hole Mass ◽  
Sky Survey ◽  
Black Hole Growth ◽  
Hole Growth ◽  
Eddington Limit

We present the first estimate of the black hole mass function (BHMF) of broad-line quasars (BLQSOs) that self-consistently corrects for incompleteness and the statistical uncertainty in the mass estimates, based on a sample of 9886 quasars at 1 < z < 4.5 drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We find evidence for “cosmic downsizing” of black holes in BLQSOs, where the peak in their number density shifts to higher redshift with increasing black hole mass. We estimate the lifetime of the BLQSO phase to be 70 ± 5 Myr for supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at z = 1 with a mass of MBH = 109M⊙, and we constrain the maximum mass of a black hole in a BLQSO to be ~ 1010M⊙. We find that most BLQSOs are not radiating at or near the Eddington limit. Our results are consistent with models for self-regulated black hole growth, where the BLQSO phase occurs at the end of a fueling event when black hole feedback unbinds the accreting gas.

scholarly journals Observational evidence for stellar-mass black holes

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (S238) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Casares
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Mass Spectrum ◽  
Radial Velocity ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
History Of ◽  
X Ray Binaries ◽  
Dynamical Masses

AbstractRadial velocity studies of X-ray binaries provide the most solid evidence for the existence of stellar-mass black holes. We currently have 20 confirmed cases, with dynamical masses in excess of 3 M⊙. Accurate masses have been obtained for a subset of systems which gives us a hint at the mass spectrum of the black hole population. This review summarizes the history of black hole discoveries and presents the latest results in the field.

scholarly journals A survey of AGN and supermassive black holes in the COSMOS Survey

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (S238) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris D. Impey ◽  
Jon R. Trump ◽  
Pat J. McCarthy ◽  
Martin Elvis ◽  
John P. Huchra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
Host Galaxy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cosmic Evolution ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) is an HST/ACS imaging survey of 2 square degrees centered on RA = 10:00:28.6, Dec = + 02:12:21 (J2000). While the primary goal of the survey is to study evolution of galaxy morphology and large scale structure, an extensive multi-wavelength data set allows for a sensitive survey of AGN. Spectroscopy of optical counterparts to faint X-ray and radio sources is being carried out with the Magallen (Baade) Telescope and the ESO VLT. By achieving ∼80 redshift completeness down to I AB = 3, the eventual yield of AGN will be ∼1100 over the whole field.Early results on supermassive black holes are described. The goals of the survey include a bolometric census of AGN down to moderate luminosities, the cosmic evolution and fueling history of the central engines, and a study of AGN environments on scales ranging from the host galaxy to clusters and superclusters.

scholarly journals SONGLINES FROM DIRECT COLLAPSE SEED BLACK HOLES: EFFECTS OF X-RAYS ON BLACK HOLE GROWTH AND STELLAR POPULATIONS

2014 ◽  
Vol 797 (2) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aycin Aykutalp ◽  
John H. Wise ◽  
Marco Spaans ◽  
Rowin Meijerink
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Stellar Populations ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Black Hole Growth ◽  
Hole Growth
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