scholarly journals Altered Neurochemical Ingredient of Hippocampus in Patients with Bipolar Depression

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murad Atmaca ◽  
Hanefi Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Lower Ratio

Background. In a number of investigations, hippocampal neurochemicals were evaluated in the patients with bipolar disorder who were on their first episode or euthymic periods. However, we did not meet any investigation in which only patients with bipolar depression were examined. As a consequence, the objective of the present study was to examine both sides of hippocampus of patients with bipolar disorder in depressive episode and healthy controls using1H-MRS.Methods. Thirteen patients with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder, most recent episode depressed, were recruited from the Department of Psychiatry at Firat University School of Medicine. We also studied 13 healthy comparison subjects who were without any DSM-IV Axis I disorders recruited from the hospital staff. The patients and controls underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of their hippocampus. NAA, CHO, and CRE values were measured.Results. No significant effect of diagnosis was observed for NAA/CRE ratio. For the NAA/CHO ratio, the ANCOVA with age, gender, and whole brain volume as covariates revealed that the patients with bipolar depression had significantly lower ratio compared to healthy control subjects for right and for left side. As for the CHO/CRE ratio, the difference was statistically significant for right side, with an effect diagnosis ofF= 4.763,P= 0.038, and was very nearly significant for left side, with an effect diagnosis ofF= 3.732,P= 0.064.Conclusions. We found that the patients with bipolar depression had lower NAA/CHO and higher CHO/CRE ratios compared to those of healthy control subjects. The findings of the present study also suggest that there may be a degenerative process concerning the hippocampus morphology in the patients with bipolar depression.

Frequency of subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome in positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. s240-s240
Author(s):  
S. Ahmed ◽  
G. Rasool
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Language Version ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Irritable Bowel

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to determine the frequency of subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome in positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia.MethodsSixty-two drug naïve hospitalized patients between 18 and 65 years (mean age: 33.6) with first episode of schizophrenia based on DSM IV-TR and 69 control subjects matched for age and sex completed this study. A semi-structured clinical interview was used to assess both groups. Clinical data were obtained and basic lab investigations and ultrasonography of abdomen were done in all subjects to exclude any related abdominal pathology. Axis-I disorders of DSM IV-TR were excluded in control subjects. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Rome III Urdu language version scale (cross-validation obtained) for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were administered to assess the severity of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome, IBS constipation (IBS-C), IBS Diarrhoea (IBS-D) and IBS Mix (IBS-M) in case and control groups respectively.ResultsForty-seven patients (75.8%) and 15 patients (24.2%) had positive and negative schizophrenia respectively. Patients with positive and negative schizophrenia had higher rate of IBS-C 6.5% (n = 4), IBS-D 8.1% (n = 5), IBS-M 12.9% (n = 8), non-IBS 72.6% (n = 45) versus healthy subjects IBS-C 1.4% (n = 1), IBS-D 2.9% (n = 2), IBS-M 2.9% (n = 2), and non-IBS 92.8% (n = 64), OR = 4.8; 95% CI.ConclusionIrritable bowel syndrome is more frequent in patients with schizophrenia than in general population. This functional gastrointestinal disorder associated with psychotic symptoms requires attention and management while managing patients with subtypes of schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Sleep spindles in bipolar disorder - a comparison to healthy control subjects

2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Ritter ◽  
J. Schwabedal ◽  
M. Brandt ◽  
W. Schrempf ◽  
F. Brezan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Healthy Control

scholarly journals Thought disorder in the meta-structure of psychopathology

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1673-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Keyes ◽  
N. R. Eaton ◽  
R. F. Krueger ◽  
A. E. Skodol ◽  
M. M. Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
General Population ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Dsm Iv

BackgroundDimensional models of co-morbidity have the potential to improve the conceptualization of mental disorders in research and clinical work, yet little is known about how relatively uncommon disorders may fit with more common disorders. The present study estimated the meta-structure of psychopathology in the US general population focusing on the placement of five under-studied disorders sharing features of thought disorder: paranoid, schizoid, avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders, and manic episodes as well as bipolar disorder.MethodData were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a face-to-face interview of 34 653 non-institutionalized adults in the US general population. The meta-structure of 16 DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders, as assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule DSM-IV version (AUDADIS-IV), was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.ResultsWe document an empirically derived thought disorder factor that is a subdomain of the internalizing dimension, characterized by schizoid, paranoid, schizotypal and avoidant personality disorders as well as manic episodes. Manic episodes exhibit notable associations with both the distress subdomain of the internalizing dimension as well as the thought disorder subdomain. The structure was replicated for bipolar disorder (I or II) in place of manic episodes.ConclusionsAs our understanding of psychopathological meta-structure expands, incorporation of disorders characterized by detachment and psychoticism grows increasingly important. Disorders characterized by detachment and psychoticism may be well conceptualized, organized and measured as a subdimension of the internalizing spectrum of disorders. Manic episodes and bipolar disorder exhibit substantial co-morbidity across both distress and thought disorder domains of the internalizing dimension. Clinically, these results underscore the potential utility of conceptualizing patient treatment needs using an approach targeting psychopathological systems underlying meta-structural classification rubrics.

scholarly journals T7. UPDATED INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANT DATA META-ANALYSIS CONFIRMS LOWER LEVELS OF THE GLIAL MARKER TSPO IN PSYCHOSIS PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S233-S233
Author(s):  
Pontus Plavén-Sigray ◽  
Granville Matheson ◽  
Jennifer Coughlin ◽  
Sina Hafizi ◽  
Heikki Laurikainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Duration ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Individual Participant Data ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Episode Psychosis ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Glial Marker

Abstract Background Treatment targeting the immune system is a promising new approach in schizophrenia. In search for tools for stratification and treatment monitoring, much effort has been invested in the use of positron emission tomography (PET) and radioligands binding to a glial marker, the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). We previously demonstrated lower TSPO in psychosis patients in an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of studies using second generation TSPO radioligands (Plavén-Sigray et al., 2018). Subsequently, a summary-statistics meta-analysis, including one newly published study, showed no difference (Marques et al., 2019). Here, the aim was to repeat the IPD analysis including this new sample, and an additional unpublished dataset in first episode psychosis patients. The primary objective was to re-evaluate the hypotheses of 1) higher or 2) lower or 3) no difference in radioligand binding between patients and healthy control subjects. Secondary objectives were to assess the effects of antipsychotic medication on TSPO binding, as well as relationships between TSPO binding and disease duration and symptom measures. Methods Individual participant data were obtained from PET studies that 1) used a second generation TSPO radioligand, 2) reported distribution volume (VT) values in brain in patients with psychosis as compared to healthy controls, and 3) reported TSPO affinity type of all participants. The outcome measure was VT in frontal cortex (FC), temporal cortex (TC) and hippocampus (HIP). Bayes factors (BF) were applied to examine the relative support for higher, lower, or no-change of TSPO levels in patients compared to healthy controls. Results Individual participant data from seven studies were included, amounting to 99 patients with first-episode psychosis or schizophrenia and 109 healthy control subjects. In all regions investigated, BF showed moderate to strong support (BF > 5) for lower VT in patients as compared to no difference, and strong support (BF > 10) for lower VT compared to higher VT in patients. Mean patient-control differences in standardized VT values were -0.41 for FC (95%CI -0.67 to -0.15, p = 0.0022), -0.38 for TC (95%CI -0.64 to -0.12, p = 0.0048) and -0.53 for HIP (95% CI -0.79 to -0.27, p = 0.0001). The mean change in standardized VT due to medication was 0.10 for FC (CI95% -0.10 to 0.30, p = 0.615), -0.08 for TC (CI95% -0.32 to 0.48, p = 0.666) and 0.08 for HIP (CI95% -0.46 to 0.30, p = 0.682). No association was observed between VT and disease duration or symptom levels (all p > 0.526). Discussion In this updated IPD meta-analysis including two new datasets, we found moderate to strong support for lower TSPO in psychosis patients compared to control subjects. In vitro data has shown a lack of correspondence between TSPO and pro-inflammatory activation, also recently confirmed in a post-mortem study in schizophrenia. Hence, based on the present results no firm conclusions can be made regarding the pro- versus anti-inflammatory status of glial cells in psychosis patients. Additional work is needed to understand the biological relevance of the observed lower TSPO in patients.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurement of cerebral gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations in patients with bipolar disorders

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Po W. Wang ◽  
Napapon Sailasuta ◽  
Rebecca A. Chandler ◽  
Terence A. Ketter
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Gabaergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Bipolar Ii ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Cr Concentration

Background:Animal models of depression and psychopharmacological mechanisms of action suggest the importance of the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) system in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Mood stabilizers have overlapping effects on GABAergic neurotransmission, and antidepressant use has been associated with alterations in GABAB receptor function. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides an opportunity to noninvasively assess cerebral GABA concentrations in anterior paralimbic circuits that have been implicated in mood disorders.Methods:In bipolar disorder patients and healthy control subjects, we used MRS with a modified GABA-edited point resolved spectroscopy sequence (TE 68 ms, TR 1500 ms, 512 averages, total scan time 26 min) to assess GABA in an 18-cm3 occipital voxel. In addition, in another cohort of bipolar disorder patients and healthy control subjects, we similarly assessed GABA in a 12.5-cm3 medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate (MPF/AC) voxel. The concentration of GABA was referenced to creatine (Cr) from unedited spectra.Results:In bipolar patients and controls, we consistently detected 3.0 p.p.m. GABA peaks in occipital lobe and MPF/AC. In 16 bipolar (nine bipolar I and seven bipolar II) disorder patients, compared with six healthy control subjects, mean occipital GABA/Cr concentration was 61% higher. In addition, in 15 bipolar (five bipolar I, nine bipolar II, and one bipolar not otherwise specified) disorder patients, compared with six healthy control subjects, mean MPF/AC GABA/Cr concentration tended to be 41% higher.Conclusions:Patients with bipolar disorders may have increased cerebral GABA concentrations. Although this was more evident in the occipital lobe, MPC/AC GABA disturbance may be of greater potential interest in view the more established role of MPF/AC in affective processing. Additional studies are warranted to assess changes in GABAergic neurotransmission and the influences of diagnosis, mood state, and medication status in bipolar disorder patients.

Comparison of brain N-acetylaspartate levels and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels between patients with first-episode schizophrenia psychosis and healthy controls

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Goto ◽  
R. Yoshimura ◽  
S. Kakeda ◽  
J. Moriya ◽  
K. Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
First Episode Schizophrenia ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Plasma Mhpg

Abstract:Background:N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with first-episode schizophrenia psychosis and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were investigated. In addition, plasma levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were compared between the two groups.Method:Eighteen patients (nine males, nine females; age range: 13–52 years) were enrolled in the study, and 18 volunteers (nine males, nine females; age range: 15–49 years) with no current or past psychiatric history were also studied by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) as sex- and age-matched controls.Results:Levels of NAA/Cr in the left basal ganglia (p = 0.0065) and parieto-occipital lobe (p = 0.00498), but not in the frontal lobe, were significantly lower in patients with first-episode schizophrenia psychosis than in control subjects. No difference was observed between the serum BDNF levels of patients with first-episode schizophrenia psychosis and control subjects. In regard to the plasma levels of catecholamine metabolites, plasma MHPG, but not HVA, was significantly lower in the patients with first-episode psychosis than in control subjects. In addition, a significantly positive correlation was observed between the levels of NAA/Cr of the left basal ganglia and plasma MHPG in all subjects.Conclusions:These results suggest that brain NAA levels in the left basal ganglia and plasma MHPG levels were significantly reduced at the first episode of schizophrenia psychosis, indicating that neurodegeneration via noradrenergic neurons might be associated with the initial progression of the disease.

Long-term cognitive and emotional consequences of mild traumatic brain injury

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Konrad ◽  
A. J. Geburek ◽  
F. Rist ◽  
H. Blumenroth ◽  
B. Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Negative Response ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Negative Response Bias ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Dsm Iv

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to investigate long-term cognitive and emotional sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), as previous research has remained inconclusive with respect to their prevalence and extent.MethodThirty-three individuals who had sustained mTBI on average 6 years prior to the study and 33 healthy control subjects were matched according to age, gender and education. Structural brain damage at time of testing was excluded by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was conducted to assess learning, recall, working memory, attention and executive function. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Possible negative response bias was ruled out by implementing the Word Memory Test (WMT).ResultsThe mTBI individuals had significant impairments in all cognitive domains compared to the healthy control subjects. Effect sizes of cognitive deficits were medium to large, and could not be accounted for by self-perceived deficits, depression, compensation claims or negative response bias. BDI scores were significantly higher in the patient group, and three patients fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for a mild episode of major depression.ConclusionsPrimarily, well-recovered individuals who had sustained a minor trauma more than half a decade ago continue to have long-term cognitive and emotional sequelae relevant for everyday social and professional life. mTBI may lead to a lasting disruption of neurofunctional circuits not detectable by standard structural MRI and needs to be taken seriously in clinical and forensic evaluations.

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