scholarly journals Simple Ion Transfer at Liquid|Liquid Interfaces

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Sanchez Vallejo ◽  
J. M. Ovejero ◽  
R. A. Fernández ◽  
S. A. Dassie
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Ion Transfer ◽  
Liquid Interfaces ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Charge Transfer Reactions

The main aspects related to the charge transfer reactions occurring at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) are described. The particular topics to be discussed involve simple ion transfer. Focus is given on theoretical approaches, numerical simulations, and experimental methodologies. Concerning the theoretical procedures, different computational simulations related to simple ion transfer are reviewed. The main conclusions drawn from the most accepted models are described and analyzed in regard to their relevance for explaining different aspects of ion transfer. We describe numerical simulations implementing different approaches for solving the differential equations associated with the mass transport and charge transfer. These numerical simulations are correlated with selected experimental results; their usefulness in designing new experiments is summarized. Finally, many practical applications can be envisaged regarding the determination of physicochemical properties, electroanalysis, drug lipophilicity, and phase-transfer catalysis.

scholarly journals Charge Transfer Complexes of Ketotifen with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone and 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquodimethane: Spectroscopic Characterization Studies

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2039
Author(s):  
Gamal A. E. Mostafa ◽  
Ahmed Bakheit ◽  
Najla AlMasoud ◽  
Haitham AlRabiah
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Spectroscopic Characterization ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexes ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ct Complexes

The reactions of ketotifen fumarate (KT) with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as π acceptors to form charge transfer (CT) complexes were evaluated in this study. Experimental and theoretical approaches, including density function theory (DFT), were used to obtain the comprehensive, reliable, and accurate structure elucidation of the developed CT complexes. The CT complexes (KT-DDQ and KT-TCNQ) were monitored at 485 and 843 nm, respectively, and the calibration curve ranged from 10 to 100 ppm for KT-DDQ and 2.5 to 40 ppm for KT-TCNQ. The spectrophotometric methods were validated for the determination of KT, and the stability of the CT complexes was assessed by studying the corresponding spectroscopic physical parameters. The molar ratio of KT:DDQ and KT:TCNQ was estimated at 1:1 using Job’s method, which was compatible with the results obtained using the Benesi–Hildebrand equation. Using these complexes, the quantitative determination of KT in its dosage form was successful.

Determination of rate constants of ion transfer kinetics across immiscible electrolyte solutions

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A Manzanares ◽  
Riikka Lahtinen ◽  
Bernie Quinn ◽  
Kyösti Kontturi ◽  
David J Schiffrin
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Ion Transfer

scholarly journals Kinetic properties of sodium-ion transfer at the interface between graphitic materials and organic electrolyte solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Kondo ◽  
Tomokazu Fukutsuka ◽  
Yuko Yokoyama ◽  
Yuto Miyahara ◽  
Kohei Miyazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Transfer Reaction ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Frequency Region ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Organic Electrolyte ◽  
Charge Transfer Reaction ◽  
Ion Transfer

AbstractGraphitic materials cannot be applied for the negative electrode of sodium-ion battery because the reversible capacities of graphite are anomalously small. To promote electrochemical sodium-ion intercalation into graphitic materials, the interfacial sodium-ion transfer reaction at the interface between graphitized carbon nanosphere (GCNS) electrode and organic electrolyte solutions was investigated. The interfacial lithium-ion transfer reaction was also evaluated for the comparison to the sodium-ion transfer. From the cyclic voltammograms, both lithium-ion and sodium-ion can reversibly intercalate into/from GCNS in all of the electrolytes used here. In the Nyquist plots, the semi-circles at the high frequency region derived from the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) resistance and the semi-circles at the middle frequency region owing to the charge-transfer resistance appeared. The activation energies of both lithium-ion and sodium-ion transfer resistances were measured. The values of activation energies of the interfacial lithium-ion transfer suggested that the interfacial lithium-ion transfer was influenced by the interaction between lithium-ion and solvents, anions or SEI. The activation energies of the interfacial sodium-ion transfer were larger than the expected values of interfacial sodium-ion transfer based on the week Lewis acidity of sodium-ion. In addition, the activation energies of interfacial sodium-ion transfer in dilute FEC-based electrolytes were smaller than those in concentrated electrolytes. The activation energies of the interfacial lithium/sodium-ion transfer of CNS-1100 in FEC-based electrolyte solutions were almost the same as those of CNS-2900, indicating that the mechanism of interfacial charge-transfer reaction seemed to be the same for highly graphitized materials and low-graphitized materials each other. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Novel Analytical Study For The Charge-Transfer Reactions Of Omeprazole With 2,3-Dichloro-Naphthoquinone And 2,3,5,6-Tetrabromo- 1,4-Benzoquinone: Application For The Development Of Microwell Assay Of Omeprazole

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 6099-6115
Author(s):  
Saad A Alkahtania ◽  
Ashraf M Mahmoud ◽  
Samer S. Abu Al-Rubb
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Repeatability And Reproducibility ◽  
Charge Transfer Reactions ◽  
Reaction Vessels

Novel analytical study was performed in order to develop and validate new high-throughput microwell-based spectrophotometric assays for determination of omeprazole (OMZ) in its pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed assays were based on the charge-transfer (CT) reaction of OMZ with 2,3-dichloronaphthoquinone (DCNQ) and 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-1,4-benzo-quinone (BROM). In the present study, the CT reactions was carried out in microwell plates as reaction vessels in order to increase the automation of the assays and the efficiency of its use in quality control laboratories (QCLs). All factors affecting the CT reactions were carefully studied, and the conditions were optimized. Kinetics and stoichiometry of the CT reactions were investigated, and the mechanism was postulated. Activation energy of the CT reactions was determined and found to be 13.87 and 16.27 Kcal mol−1 for the reaction of OMZ with DCNQ and BROM, respectively. The initial rate and fixed time methods were applied for generating the calibration graphs for determination of OMZ concentrations. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range was 0.145 – 1.45 x 10-4 and 1.45 – 7.25 x 10-4 M with LOD of 0.6 and 6.0 microgram ml-1 for DCNQ and BROM, respectively. Analytical performance of the proposed methods, in terms of accuracy and precision, was statistically validated and the results were satisfactory; RSD was <2.8% for both repeatability and reproducibility. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of OMZ in its dosage forms and the recovery results (98.64 – 100.6 ± 0.25 -2.74 %) were comparable with those of the reported method. The developed method may provide a safer and economic tool for the analysis of OMZ in QCLs.

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