scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Adipose and Other Tissues: Basic Biological Properties and Clinical Applications

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Orbay ◽  
Morikuni Tobita ◽  
Hiroshi Mizuno
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Adult Tissues ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Multiple Cell

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that were initially isolated from bone marrow. However, subsequent research has shown that other adult tissues also contain MSCs. MSCs originate from mesenchyme, which is embryonic tissue derived from the mesoderm. These cells actively proliferate, giving rise to new cells in some tissues, but remain quiescent in others. MSCs are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types including adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Isolation and induction of these cells could provide a new therapeutic tool for replacing damaged or lost adult tissues. However, the biological properties and use of stem cells in a clinical setting must be well established before significant clinical benefits are obtained. This paper summarizes data on the biological properties of MSCs and discusses current and potential clinical applications.

scholarly journals Adult tissue-resident stem cells—fact or fiction?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Bhartiya
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Cardiac Tissues ◽  
Adult Tissues ◽  
Resident Stem Cells ◽  
Abundant Cytoplasm

AbstractLife-long tissue homeostasis of adult tissues is supposedly maintained by the resident stem cells. These stem cells are quiescent in nature and rarely divide to self-renew and give rise to tissue-specific “progenitors” (lineage-restricted and tissue-committed) which divide rapidly and differentiate into tissue-specific cell types. However, it has proved difficult to isolate these quiescent stem cells as a physical entity. Recent single-cell RNAseq studies on several adult tissues including ovary, prostate, and cardiac tissues have not been able to detect stem cells. Thus, it has been postulated that adult cells dedifferentiate to stem-like state to ensure regeneration and can be defined as cells capable to replace lost cells through mitosis. This idea challenges basic paradigm of development biology regarding plasticity that a cell enters point of no return once it initiates differentiation. The underlying reason for this dilemma is that we are putting stem cells and somatic cells together while processing for various studies. Stem cells and adult mature cell types are distinct entities; stem cells are quiescent, small in size, and with minimal organelles whereas the mature cells are metabolically active and have multiple organelles lying in abundant cytoplasm. As a result, they do not pellet down together when centrifuged at 100–350g. At this speed, mature cells get collected but stem cells remain buoyant and can be pelleted by centrifuging at 1000g. Thus, inability to detect stem cells in recently published single-cell RNAseq studies is because the stem cells were unknowingly discarded while processing and were never subjected to RNAseq. This needs to be kept in mind before proposing to redefine adult stem cells.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Focus on Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad M. Teven ◽  
Xing Liu ◽  
Ning Hu ◽  
Ni Tang ◽  
Stephanie H. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Adipogenic Differentiation ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Msc Differentiation

Stem cells are characterized by their capability to self-renew and terminally differentiate into multiple cell types. Somatic or adult stem cells have a finite self-renewal capacity and are lineage-restricted. The use of adult stem cells for therapeutic purposes has been a topic of recent interest given the ethical considerations associated with embryonic stem (ES) cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, or myogenic lineages. Owing to their ease of isolation and unique characteristics, MSCs have been widely regarded as potential candidates for tissue engineering and repair. While various signaling molecules important to MSC differentiation have been identified, our complete understanding of this process is lacking. Recent investigations focused on the role of epigenetic regulation in lineage-specific differentiation of MSCs have shown that unique patterns of DNA methylation and histone modifications play an important role in the induction of MSC differentiation toward specific lineages. Nevertheless, MSC epigenetic profiles reflect a more restricted differentiation potential as compared to ES cells. Here we review the effect of epigenetic modifications on MSC multipotency and differentiation, with a focus on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. We also highlight clinical applications of MSC epigenetics and nuclear reprogramming.

scholarly journals Impact of Graphene Derivatives as Artificial Extracellular Matrices on Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Rabia Ikram ◽  
Shamsul Azlin Ahmad Shamsuddin ◽  
Badrul Mohamed Jan ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Qadir ◽  
George Kenanakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Graphene Derivatives ◽  
Potential Applicability

Thanks to stem cells’ capability to differentiate into multiple cell types, damaged human tissues and organs can be rapidly well-repaired. Therefore, their applicability in the emerging field of regenerative medicine can be further expanded, serving as a promising multifunctional tool for tissue engineering, treatments for various diseases, and other biomedical applications as well. However, the differentiation and survival of the stem cells into specific lineages is crucial to be exclusively controlled. In this frame, growth factors and chemical agents are utilized to stimulate and adjust proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells, although challenges related with degradation, side effects, and high cost should be overcome. Owing to their unique physicochemical and biological properties, graphene-based nanomaterials have been widely used as scaffolds to manipulate stem cell growth and differentiation potential. Herein, we provide the most recent research progress in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) growth, differentiation and function utilizing graphene derivatives as extracellular scaffolds. The interaction of graphene derivatives in human and rat MSCs has been also evaluated. Graphene-based nanomaterials are biocompatible, exhibiting a great potential applicability in stem-cell-mediated regenerative medicine as they may promote the behaviour control of the stem cells. Finally, the challenges, prospects and future trends in the field are discussed.

scholarly journals The role of dental stem cells in regeneration

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Angela Maxim ◽  
Olga Soritau ◽  
Mihaela Baciut ◽  
Simion Bran ◽  
Grigore Baciut
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Population ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
High Proliferation Rate ◽  
Apical Papilla ◽  
Multiple Cell

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that have the capacity of rising multiple cell types.A rich source of mesenchymal stem cells is represented by the dental tissues: the periodontal ligament, the dental pulp, the apical papilla, the dental follicle and the deciduous teeth.The aim of this review is to characterize the main dental- derived mesenchymal stem cell population, and to show their important role in tissue regeneration based on their properties : the multi-potency, the high proliferation rate, the differentiation in multiple cell lineages, the high cell viability and the positive expression for mesenchymal cell markers.Tissue regeneration or de novo' formation of craniofacial structures is the future of regenerative medicine, offering a solution for congenital malformations, traumas and other diseases. 

scholarly journals Sources and Clinical Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: State-of-the-art review

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Berebichez-Fridman ◽  
Pablo R. Montero-Olvera
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

First discovered by Friedenstein in 1976, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells found throughout the body that share a fixed set of characteristics. Discovered initially in the bone marrow, this cell source is considered the gold standard for clinical research, although various other sources—including adipose tissue, dental pulp, mobilised peripheral blood and birth-derived tissues—have since been identified. Although similar, MSCs derived from different sources possess distinct characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, including their differentiation potential and proliferation capacity, which influence their applicability. Hence, they may be used for specific clinical applications in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This review article summarises current knowledge regarding the various sources, characteristics and therapeutic applications of MSCs.Keywords: Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Adult Stem Cells; Regenerative Medicine; Cell Differentiation; Tissue Engineering.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Promising Cell Source for Integration in Novel In Vitro Models

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1306
Author(s):  
Ann-Kristin Afflerbach ◽  
Mark D. Kiri ◽  
Tahir Detinis ◽  
Ben M. Maoz
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Cell Source ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Vitro Model

The human-relevance of an in vitro model is dependent on two main factors—(i) an appropriate human cell source and (ii) a modeling platform that recapitulates human in vivo conditions. Recent years have brought substantial advancements in both these aspects. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising cell source, as these cells can differentiate into multiple cell types, yet do not raise the ethical and practical concerns associated with other types of stem cells. In turn, advanced bioengineered in vitro models such as microfluidics, Organs-on-a-Chip, scaffolds, bioprinting and organoids are bringing researchers ever closer to mimicking complex in vivo environments, thereby overcoming some of the limitations of traditional 2D cell cultures. This review covers each of these advancements separately and discusses how the integration of MSCs into novel in vitro platforms may contribute enormously to clinical and fundamental research.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal stem cells: biological properties and clinical applications

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1453-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio García-Gómez ◽  
Gema Elvira ◽  
Agustín G Zapata ◽  
María L Lamana ◽  
Manuel Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Clinical Applications

SDF-1-CXCR4 and HGF-c-met Axes Regulate Mobilization/Recruitment to Injured Tissue of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 2331-2331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Ra Son ◽  
Dongling Zhao ◽  
Leah A. Marquez-Curtis ◽  
Neeta Shirvaikar ◽  
Mariusz Z. Ratajczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Chemotaxis Assay ◽  
Injured Tissue ◽  
Organ Tissue ◽  
Hepatocyte Growth

Abstract Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to egress from the bone marrow (BM), circulate in peripheral blood (PB) and differentiate into many cell types, making them attractive as a potential therapeutic tool for organ/tissue regeneration. However the signals required for their mobilization into PB and their recruitment into injured sites are not fully understood. We previously reported that stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are upregulated at sites of tissue damage (Cancer Research2003; 63:7926; Leukemia2004; 18:29) and in this study we examined whether these factors mediate the migration of MSC. We investigated (i) the expression in MSC of CXCR4 and c-met, the cognate receptors of SDF-1 and HGF, (ii) whether they are functional after early and late passages (using a chemotaxis assay across fibronectin and the reconstituted basement membrane Matrigel), and (iii) whether MSC express matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) known to facilitate mobilization and homing of stem cells. MSC were derived from human bone marrow (BM) or cord blood (CB) and maintained for up to 18 passages (in IMDM and 10–20% FCS) with monitoring of markers for cardiac (Nkx2.5/Csx, GATA-4 and MEF2-C), skeletal muscle (Myo-D and myogenin) and endothelial cells (VE-cadherin and VEGFR-2). We found that (i) CB and BM MSC strongly express CXCR4 and c-met transcripts for up to 15 passages, (ii) these receptors are functional as the MSC cells were chemotactic and chemoinvasive (across Matrigel) towards gradients of SDF-1 (100 ng/mL) or HGF (40 ng/mL), and (iii) CB and BM MSC express MMP-2 mRNA and secrete both latent and active forms of MMP-2. Moreover, we found that CB and BM MSC expressed mRNA for all three cardiac markers and the endothelial marker VE-cadherin, indicating their potential for heart regeneration. In conclusion, these results indicate that the SDF-1-CXCR4 and HGF-c-met axes are important signaling pathways in MSC mobilization and their trafficking in PB, and could be involved in recruitment of MSC to damaged tissues (e.g., myocardium).

scholarly journals The PI3k/Akt Pathway Is Associated With Angiogenesis, Oxidative Stress and Survival of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Pathophysiologic Condition in Ischemia

2019 ◽  
pp. S131-S138 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SAMAKOVA ◽  
A. GAZOVA ◽  
N. SABOVA ◽  
S. VALASKOVA ◽  
M. JURIKOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Akt Pathway ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Ischemic Diseases

Ischemic diseases are characterized by reduced blood supply to a tissue or an organ due to obstruction of blood vessels. The most serious and most common ischemic diseases include ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and critical limb ischemia. Revascularization is the first choice of therapy, but the cell therapy is being introduced as a possible way of treatment for no-option patients. One of the possibilities of cell therapy is the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are easily isolated from bone marrow and can be defined as non-hematopoietic multipotent adult stem cells population with a defined capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into cell types of all three germ layers depending on their origin. Since 1974, when Friedenstein and coworkers (Friedenstein et al. 1974) first time isolated and characterized MSCs, MSC-based therapy has been shown to be safe and effective. Nevertheless, many scientists and clinical researchers want to improve the success of MSCs in regenerative therapy. The secret of successful cell therapy may lie, along with the homing, in secretion of biologically active molecules including cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines known as MSCs secretome. One of the intracellular signalling mechanism includes the activity of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) (PI3K) - protein kinase B (serine-threonine protein kinase Akt) (Akt) pathway. This PI3K/Akt pathway plays key roles in many cell types in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. Pre-conditioning of MSCs could improve efficacy of signalling mechanism.

scholarly journals Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Cells for Bone Regereneration: State of the Art

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Barba ◽  
Claudia Cicione ◽  
Camilla Bernardini ◽  
Fabrizio Michetti ◽  
Wanda Lattanzi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Tissue Reconstruction ◽  
And Function

Adipose tissue represents a hot topic in regenerative medicine because of the tissue source abundance, the relatively easy retrieval, and the inherent biological properties of mesenchymal stem cells residing in its stroma. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are indeed multipotent somatic stem cells exhibiting growth kinetics and plasticity, proved to induce efficient tissue regeneration in several biomedical applications. A defined consensus for their isolation, classification, and characterization has been very recently achieved. In particular, bone tissue reconstruction and regeneration based on ASCs has emerged as a promising approach to restore structure and function of bone compromised by injury or disease. ASCs have been used in combination with osteoinductive biomaterial and/or osteogenic molecules, in either static or dynamic culture systems, to improve bone regeneration in several animal models. To date, few clinical trials on ASC-based bone reconstruction have been concluded and proved effective. The aim of this review is to dissect the state of the art on ASC use in bone regenerative applications in the attempt to provide a comprehensive coverage of the topics, from the basic laboratory to recent clinical applications.

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