scholarly journals Time to Be SHY? Some Comments on Sleep and Synaptic Homeostasis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Tononi ◽  
Chiara Cirelli
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Strength ◽  
Universal Function ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Synaptic Homeostasis ◽  
The Face ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
Function Of Sleep ◽  
The Brain

Sleep must serve an essential, universal function, one that offsets the risk of being disconnected from the environment. The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) is an attempt to identify this essential function. Its core claim is that sleep is needed to reestablish synaptic homeostasis, which is challenged by the remarkable plasticity of the brain. In other words, sleep is “the price we pay for plasticity.” In this issue, M. G. Frank reviewed several aspects of the hypothesis and raised several issues. The comments below provide a brief summary of the motivations underlying SHY and clarify that SHY is a hypothesis not about specific mechanisms, but about a universal, essential function of sleep. This function is the preservation of synaptic homeostasis in the face of a systematic bias toward a net increase in synaptic strength—a challenge that is posed by learning during adult wake, and by massive synaptogenesis during development.

The function of sleep

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. K. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Universal Function ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Sleep Research ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Function Of Sleep ◽  
The Brain

The function of sleep was a longstanding mystery in neuroscience, but there is now compelling empirical evidence for several key functions of sleep. Elucidating these functions and their underlying pathways is a hot area for the field of sleep research today, and many open questions remain. What we have gleaned from recent data is that it is important to view sleep as a synthesis of processes that enable improved functioning during wakefulness. There is no single universal function of sleep, but rather a collection of synergistic functions that are each of varying importance to different species. In humans, sleep plays critical roles in consolidating memories, restoring energy stores in the brain, clearing wastes from the brain, immune function, metabolic function, and overall health.

scholarly journals Evidence for sleep-dependent synaptic renormalization in mouse pups

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa de Vivo ◽  
Hirotaka Nagai ◽  
Noemi De Wispelaere ◽  
Giovanna Maria Spano ◽  
William Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Synaptic Strength ◽  
Memory Interference ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Core Function ◽  
Block Face ◽  
Cortical Synapses ◽  
Function Of Sleep ◽  
The Brain

Abstract In adolescent and adult brains several molecular, electrophysiological, and ultrastructural measures of synaptic strength are higher after wake than after sleep [1, 2]. These results support the proposal that a core function of sleep is to renormalize the increase in synaptic strength associated with ongoing learning during wake, to reestablish cellular homeostasis and avoid runaway potentiation, synaptic saturation, and memory interference [2, 3]. Before adolescence however, when the brain is still growing and many new synapses are forming, sleep is widely believed to promote synapse formation and growth. To assess the role of sleep on synapses early in life, we studied 2-week-old mouse pups (both sexes) whose brain is still undergoing significant developmental changes, but in which sleep and wake are easy to recognize. In two strains (CD-1, YFP-H) we found that pups spend ~50% of the day asleep and show an immediate increase in total sleep duration after a few hours of enforced wake, indicative of sleep homeostasis. In YFP-H pups we then used serial block-face electron microscopy to examine whether the axon-spine interface (ASI), an ultrastructural marker of synaptic strength, changes between wake and sleep. We found that the ASI of cortical synapses (layer 2, motor cortex) was on average 33.9% smaller after sleep relative to after extended wake and the differences between conditions were consistent with multiplicative scaling. Thus, the need for sleep-dependent synaptic renormalization may apply also to the young, pre-weaned cerebral cortex, at least in the superficial layers of the primary motor area.

About the Brain, the Face, and Emotion

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 567-568
Author(s):  
Gilles Kirouac
Keyword(s):  
The Face ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Aprosopia/holoprosencephaly in a stillborn puppy: when the face predicts the brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Clairton Marcolongo Pereira ◽  
Tayná B. Silva ◽  
Laiz Zaché Roque ◽  
Bárbara Barros ◽  
Luiz Alexandre Moscon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Face ◽  
The Brain

Preserving Integrity in the Face of Performance Threat

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1455-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Legault ◽  
Timour Al-Khindi ◽  
Michael Inzlicht
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Self-affirmation produces large effects: Even a simple reminder of one’s core values reduces defensiveness against threatening information. But how, exactly, does self-affirmation work? We explored this question by examining the impact of self-affirmation on neurophysiological responses to threatening events. We hypothesized that because self-affirmation increases openness to threat and enhances approachability of unfavorable feedback, it should augment attention and emotional receptivity to performance errors. We further hypothesized that this augmentation could be assessed directly, at the level of the brain. We measured self-affirmed and nonaffirmed participants’ electrophysiological responses to making errors on a task. As we anticipated, self-affirmation elicited greater error responsiveness than did nonaffirmation, as indexed by the error-related negativity, a neural signal of error monitoring. Self-affirmed participants also performed better on the task than did nonaffirmed participants. We offer novel brain evidence that self-affirmation increases openness to threat and discuss the role of error detection in the link between self-affirmation and performance.

scholarly journals Paradoxical Regulation of Biotin Utilization in Brain and Liver and Implications for Inherited Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency

2004 ◽  
Vol 279 (50) ◽  
pp. 52312-52318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Pacheco-Alvarez ◽  
R. Sergio Solórzano-Vargas ◽  
Roy A. Gravel ◽  
Rafael Cervantes-Roldán ◽  
Antonio Velázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Dose ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Holocarboxylase Synthetase ◽  
Biotin Deficiency ◽  
Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency ◽  
Regulatory Impact ◽  
Normal Metabolism ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
The Brain

Holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) catalyzes the biotinylation of five carboxylases in human cells, and mutations of HCS cause multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD). Although HCS also participates in the regulation of its own mRNA levels, the relevance of this mechanism to normal metabolism or to the MCD phenotype is not known. In this study, we show that mRNA levels of enzymes involved in biotin utilization, including HCS, are down-regulated during biotin deficiency in liver while remaining constitutively expressed in brain. We propose that this mechanism of regulation is aimed at sparing the essential function of biotin in the brain at the expense of organs such as liver and kidney during biotin deprivation. In MCD, it is possible that some of the manifestations of the disease may be associated with down-regulation of biotin utilization in liver because of the impaired activity of HCS and that high dose biotin therapy may in part be important to overcoming the adverse regulatory impact in such organs.

scholarly journals INTELLECTUAL DISTRACTION FOR DYSMENORRHEA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (03) ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
Veryudha Eka Prameswari ◽  
ASIROTUL MA’RIFAH ◽  
NANING PUJI SURYANTINI ◽  
INDAH KUSMINDART
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Face Pain ◽  
The Face ◽  
Group Population ◽  
The Brain

Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual problem that usually occurs in young women. When dysmenorrhea, interferes with activity, non-pharmacological treatment will be an alternative to reduce dysmenorrhea. One way to deal with pain in a non-pharmacological way is by intellectual distraction, with the theory of reticular activation, which can inhibit pain stimulation when a person receives adequate or excessive sensory input, which results in the inhibition of pain impulses to the brain. Intellectual distraction techniques include filling in crosswords, playing cards, doing hobbies (in bed) such as collecting stamps, writing stories. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of intellectual disorders in reducing dysmenorrhea in young women. This study uses a design that is Quasi-Experiment with a pretest and posttest design without a control group. Population In this study were 122 female students from Mojoanyar Middle School. The sample in this study were all students of Mojoanyar Middle School who experienced dysmenorrhoea who had fulfilled the inclusion criteria of 23 respondents. The tool used to determine changes in the level of pain of respondents is the Face pain rating. The intervention provided was that respondents were asked to fill in the TTS. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS data normality test using the Wilcoxon test with SPSS 23 for Windows. And it was found that before less than half (43.5%) of Intellectual Distraction or 10 respondents experienced mild pain, whereas after being given Intellectual Distraction less than half (34.8%) or 8 respondents experienced mild and moderate pain and no more respondents experienced very severe pain. Therefore young women need to reduce the intensity of menstrual pain by providing Intellectual Distractions techniques with crosswords and accessing them can be through cellphones

scholarly journals Transmitting and Decoding Facial Expressions

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie L. Smith ◽  
Garrison W. Cottrell ◽  
FrédéAric Gosselin ◽  
Philippe G. Schyns
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Human Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Brain

This article examines the human face as a transmitter of expression signals and the brain as a decoder of these expression signals. If the face has evolved to optimize transmission of such signals, the basic facial expressions should have minimal overlap in their information. If the brain has evolved to optimize categorization of expressions, it should be efficient with the information available from the transmitter for the task. In this article, we characterize the information underlying the recognition of the six basic facial expression signals and evaluate how efficiently each expression is decoded by the underlying brain structures.

STURGE WEBER SYNDROME- A RARE CASE REPORT ORIGINAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
Om Prakash Singh ◽  
Vikas Kumar ◽  
Pushp Kant Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Rare Case ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Port Wine ◽  
Occipital Area ◽  
Weber Syndrome ◽  
Rare Case Report ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sturge Weber Syndrome ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Embryonic Vessels

Sturge-Weber Syndrome (SWS) is one of the encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis and one of the important segmental vascular neurocutaneous disorders .The occurrence is not very uncommon and the prevalence is 1:20000 to 1:50000.(1) SWS occurs due to the presence of residual embryonic vessels . The various signs and symptoms include capillary malformation in the face a port wine birthmark and similar malformation in the brain involving leptomeniges as well as blood vessels of the eye causing glaucoma. The patient presents with seizures , hemiparesis and stroke like symptoms, headaches and developmental delay.(2) The imaging nding in SWS children is the calcication in the parietal and occipital area of the brain. The EEG ndings in SWS are the attenuation and the excess of slow activities.We are presenting here a rare case of , a fourteen year old male child who presented to our emergency department with status epilepticus. The aim of presenting this case is to share the classical presentation and the challenges involved in the management

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