scholarly journals Measurement by FIB on the ISS: Two Emissions of Solar Neutrons Detected?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Muraki ◽  
K. Koga ◽  
T. Goka ◽  
H. Matsumoto ◽  
T. Obara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Flares ◽  
Neutron Detector ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Energy Spectra ◽  
Arrival Direction ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Solar Neutron ◽  
New Type ◽  
First Time

A new type of solar neutron detector (FIB) was launched on board the Space Shuttle Endeavour on July 16, 2009, and began collecting data at the International Space Station (ISS) on August 25, 2009. This paper summarizes the three years of observations obtained by the solar neutron detector FIB until the end of July 2012. The solar neutron detector FIB can determine both the energy and arrival direction of neutrons. We measured the energy spectra of background neutrons over the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region and elsewhere and found the typical trigger rates to be 20 and 0.22 counts/sec, respectively. It is possible to identify solar neutrons to within a level of 0.028 counts/sec, provided that directional information is applied. Solar neutrons were possibly observed in association with the M-class solar flares that occurred on March 7 (M3.7) and June 7 (M2.5) of 2011. This marked the first time that neutrons had been observed in M-class solar flares. A possible interpretation of the production process is provided.

A Relationship Between the Factor Indivisibility and the Output Elasticity of the Indivisible Factor

2021 ◽  
pp. 232102222098516
Author(s):  
Dipankar Das
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Limit Point ◽  
Mathematical Proof ◽  
Wage Equation ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
Output Elasticity ◽  
New Type ◽  
First Time ◽  
Jel Classifications

The paper puts forth a notion and derives a special type of production function where labour is an indivisible factor and is in the integer space. Thus, Newtonian calculus is not an appropriate method of deriving the marginal value because limit point does not exist. This shows that indivisibility determines the output elasticity. In the first part, the paper propounds a notion regarding how indivisibility determines curvature of the production function. In the second part, the paper incorporates the findings within a production function and derives a new type accordingly. Moreover, it formally derives the standard wage equation considering all the entitlements of labour, namely (a) normal wages, (b) interest and (c) rent of ability. So far, no such mathematical proof is there to support this wage composition. This paper, for the first time, derives this wage equation considering indivisibility of labour. JEL Classifications: J23, J24, J31, D24, C61, E24, L8

PERUN—Space shuttle external tank used as a space station

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 699-717
Author(s):  
T. Svoboda ◽  
T. Svítek ◽  
J. Vackář ◽  
M. Kirschner ◽  
J. Bárta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Station

scholarly journals A Novel Six-Rhodopsin System in a Single Archaeon

2010 ◽  
Vol 192 (22) ◽  
pp. 5866-5873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsu-Yuan Fu ◽  
Yu-Cheng Lin ◽  
Yung-Ning Chang ◽  
Hsiaochu Tseng ◽  
Ching-Che Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Ion Transporters ◽  
Haloarcula Marismortui ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
New Type ◽  
Ion Transportation ◽  
Proton Transporters ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT Microbial rhodopsins, a diverse group of photoactive proteins found in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, function in photosensing and photoenergy harvesting and may have been present in the resource-limited early global environment. Four different physiological functions have been identified and characterized for nearly 5,000 retinal-binding photoreceptors, these being ion transporters that transport proton or chloride and sensory rhodopsins that mediate light-attractant and/or -repellent responses. The greatest number of rhodopsins previously observed in a single archaeon had been four. Here, we report a newly discovered six-rhodopsin system in a single archaeon, Haloarcula marismortui, which shows a more diverse absorbance spectral distribution than any previously known rhodopsin system, and, for the first time, two light-driven proton transporters that respond to the same wavelength. All six rhodopsins, the greatest number ever identified in a single archaeon, were first shown to be expressed in H. marismortui, and these were then overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The proteins were purified for absorption spectra and photocycle determination, followed by measurement of ion transportation and phototaxis. The results clearly indicate the existence of a proton transporter system with two isochromatic rhodopsins and a new type of sensory rhodopsin-like transducer in H. marismortui.

Research on the Key Technologies for New Large Dual-Platen High-Precision Clamping System

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Jian Chen ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Guo Dong Lu ◽  
Zheng Qi Ling
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Adaptive Correction ◽  
Hydraulic Servo ◽  
New Type ◽  
Clamping System ◽  
Plastic Parts ◽  
First Time

High- precision and large scale are the developing trend for injection molding machine clamping system .This paper compared the characteristics of three-platen toggle and dual-platen hydraulic clamping system. The key impact factors that effecting plastic parts` precision from clamping system were discussed systematically first time. Based on these analyses, a new clamping system has been proposed and manufactured to improve the plastics parts` precision, including three new technologies: new type dual-platen structure, parallelism adaptive correction technology and numerical controlled hydraulic servo system technology. It has been applied in practical machine successfully, and experiment result proves that it is effective enough to satisfying the high-precision molding of large plastics parts.

Some Origins of Nationalism in East Africa

1968 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Lonsdale
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
National Movements ◽  
New Type ◽  
First Time ◽  
Official Recognition

This paper attempts to provide a frame of reference for evaluating the role of ordinary rural Africans in national movements, in the belief that scholarly preoccupation with élites will only partially illumine the mainsprings of nationalism. Kenya has been taken as the main field of enquiry, with contrasts and comparisons drawn from Uganda and Tanganyika. The processes of social change are discussed with a view to establishing that by the end of the colonial period one can talk of peasants rather than tribesmen in some of the more progressive areas. This change entailed a decline in the leadership functions of tribal chiefs who were also the official agents of colonial rule, but did not necessarily mean the firm establishment of a new type of rural leadership. The central part of the paper is taken up with an account of the competition between these older and newer leaderships, for official recognition rather than a mass following. A popular following was one of the conditions for such recognition, but neither really achieved this prior to 1945 except in Kikuyuland, and there the newer leaders did not want official recognition. After 1945 the newer leadership, comprising especially traders and officials of marketing co-operatives, seems everywhere to have won a properly representative position, due mainly to the enforced agrarian changes which brought the peasant face to face with the central government, perhaps for the first time. This confrontation, together with the experience of failure in earlier and more local political activity, resulted in a national revolution coalescing from below, co-ordinated rather than instigated by the educated élite.

Space Station: Campaigning for a Permanent Human Presence in Space

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Neal
Keyword(s):  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Human Spaceflight ◽  
Human Presence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Actual Configuration ◽  
Permanent Presence

Chapter 5, “Space Station: Campaigning for a Permanent Human Presence in Space,” transitions from the space shuttle as the focus of U.S. human spaceflight to NASA’s push for a permanent space station from the 1980s into the new century. The space station became the new icon for justifying humans living and working off the planet. The focus here is the constant effort to shape and reshape both the rationale for the station and its actual configuration in the face of mounting opposition. Two phrases served to reshape the meaning of spaceflight once a space station claimed the agenda: “the next logical step” and “a permanent presence in space.”

scholarly journals The hermit сharacter as a new type of character in realistic prose by Maxim Gorky

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Strokina ◽  
Lenie Taymazova ◽  
Elvina Useinova ◽  
Ruslan Adonin
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Art Form ◽  
New Type ◽  
Maxim Gorky ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

1922-1924 was a fruitful period of Maxim Gorky's literature work. It is related to searching a new art form. The cycle “Stories of 1922-1924” is an expressive example of “new prose”. For the first time, the hermit character appeared in the cycle “Stories of 1922-1924”. From the point of view of generally recognized morality and the Church, the new type of character is ambiguous. It is characterized by both sinfulness and holiness.

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