scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on GSH Delivery Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Cacciatore ◽  
Leonardo Baldassarre ◽  
Erika Fornasari ◽  
Adriano Mollica ◽  
Francesco Pinnen
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Specific Loss ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Gsh Metabolism ◽  
Poor Stability

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease(AD), are a group of pathologies characterized by a progressive and specific loss of certain brain cell populations. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis play interrelated roles in these disorders. It is well documented that free radical oxidative damage, particularly on neuronal lipids, proteins, DNA, and RNA, is extensive in PD and AD brains. Moreover, alterations of glutathione (GSH) metabolism in brain have been implicated in oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases. As a consequence, the reduced GSH levels observed in these pathologies have stimulated a number of researchers to find new potential approaches for maintaining or restoring GSH levels. Unfortunately, GSH delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is limited due to a poor stability and low bioavailability. Medicinal-chemistry- and technology-based approaches are commonly used to improve physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and drug delivery properties of therapeutic agents. This paper will focus primarily on these approaches used in order to replenish intracellular GSH levels, which are reduced in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we discuss the beneficial properties of these approaches and their potential implications for the future treatment of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases, and more specifically from PD and AD.

scholarly journals Recent Updates in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Natural Compounds

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Rasool ◽  
Arif Malik ◽  
Muhammad Saeed Qureshi ◽  
Abdul Manan ◽  
Peter Natesan Pushparaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by protein aggregates and inflammation as well as oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS). Multiple biological processes are linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as depletion or insufficient synthesis of neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, abnormal ubiquitination. Furthermore, damaging of blood brain barrier (BBB) in the CNS also leads to various CNS-related diseases. Even though synthetic drugs are used for the management of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, autism, and many other chronic illnesses, they are not without side effects. The attentions of researchers have been inclined towards the phytochemicals, many of which have minimal side effects. Phytochemicals are promising therapeutic agents because many phytochemicals have anti-inflammatory, antioxidative as well as anticholinesterase activities. Various drugs of either synthetic or natural origin applied in the treatment of brain disorders need to cross the BBB before they can be used. This paper covers various researches related to phytochemicals used in the management of neurodegenerative disorders.

scholarly journals An Overview of Crucial Dietary Substances and Their Modes of Action for Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Pogačnik ◽  
Ajda Ota ◽  
Nataša Poklar Ulrih
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Protein Fibrillation ◽  
Endogenous Substances ◽  
Therapeutic Considerations ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Neurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis are becoming one of the main health concerns due to the increasing aging of the world’s population. These diseases often share the same biological mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and/or protein fibrillation. Recently, there have been many studies published pointing out the possibilities to reduce and postpone the clinical manifestation of these deadly diseases through lifelong consumption of some crucial dietary substances, among which phytochemicals (e.g., polyphenols) and endogenous substances (e.g., acetyl-L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, n-3 poysaturated fatty acids) showed the most promising results. Another important issue that has been pointed out recently is the availability of these substances to the central nervous system, where they have to be present in high enough concentrations in order to exhibit their neuroprotective properties. As so, such the aim of this review is to summarize the recent findings regarding neuroprotective substances, their mechanisms of action, as well as to point out therapeutic considerations, including their bioavailability and safety for humans.

scholarly journals Interrelation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease: Role of TNF

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Fischer ◽  
Olaf Maier
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features of chronic neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Both conditions can lead to increased oxidative stress by excessive release of harmful reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), which further promote neuronal damage and subsequent inflammation resulting in a feed-forward loop of neurodegeneration. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a master regulator of the immune system, plays an important role in the propagation of inflammation due to the activation and recruitment of immune cells via its receptor TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). Moreover, TNFR1 can directly induce oxidative stress by the activation of ROS and RNS producing enzymes. Both TNF-induced oxidative stress and inflammation interact and cooperate to promote neurodegeneration. However, TNF plays a dual role in neurodegenerative disease, since stimulation via its second receptor, TNFR2, is neuroprotective and promotes tissue regeneration. Here we review the interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in the two major chronic neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and discuss the dual role of TNF in promoting neurodegeneration and tissue regeneration via its two receptors.

scholarly journals Current Trends in Neurodegeneration: Cross Talks between Oxidative Stress, Cell Death, and Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7432
Author(s):  
Tapan Behl ◽  
Rashita Makkar ◽  
Aayush Sehgal ◽  
Sukhbir Singh ◽  
Neelam Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Ability To Regenerate ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Degradation ◽  
Turn Over

The human body is highly complex and comprises a variety of living cells and extracellular material, which forms tissues, organs, and organ systems. Human cells tend to turn over readily to maintain homeostasis in tissues. However, postmitotic nerve cells exceptionally have an ability to regenerate and be sustained for the entire life of an individual, to safeguard the physiological functioning of the central nervous system. For efficient functioning of the CNS, neuronal death is essential, but extreme loss of neurons diminishes the functioning of the nervous system and leads to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases range from acute to chronic severe life-altering conditions like Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Millions of individuals worldwide are suffering from neurodegenerative disorders with little or negligible treatment available, thereby leading to a decline in their quality of life. Neuropathological studies have identified a series of factors that explain the etiology of neuronal degradation and its progression in neurodegenerative disease. The onset of neurological diseases depends on a combination of factors that causes a disruption of neurons, such as environmental, biological, physiological, and genetic factors. The current review highlights some of the major pathological factors responsible for neuronal degradation, such as oxidative stress, cell death, and neuroinflammation. All these factors have been described in detail to enhance the understanding of their mechanisms and target them for disease management.

Antioxidant Effect of Flavonoids Present in Euterpe oleracea Martius and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Literature Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayana Keyla Seabra de Oliveira ◽  
Marcos Rafael Silva Almeida ◽  
Franco Márcio Maciel Pontes ◽  
Mariana Pegrucci Barcelos ◽  
Carlos Henrique Tomich de Paula da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
Case Review ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Introduction:Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are progressive, directly affecting the central nervous system (CNS), the most common and recurrent are Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). One factor frequently mentioned in the etiology of NDDs is the generation of free radicals and oxidative stress, producing cellular damages. Studies have shown that the consumption of foods rich in polyphenols, especially those of the flavonoid class, has been related to the low risk in the development of several diseases. Due to the antioxidant properties present in the food, a fruit that has been gaining prominence among these foods is the Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí), because it presents in its composition significant amounts of a subclass of the flavonoids, the anthocyanins.Methods:In the case review, the authors receive a basic background on the most common NDDs, oxidative stress and antioxidants. In addition, revisiting the various studies related to NDDs, including flavonoids and consumption of açaí.Results:Detailed analysis of the recently reported case studies reveal that dietary consumption of flavonoid-rich foods, such as açaí fruits, suggests the efficacy to attenuate neurodegeneration and prevent or reverse the age-dependent deterioration of cognitive function.Conclusion:This systematic review points out that flavonoids presenting in açaí have the potential for the treatment of diseases such as PD and AD and are candidates for drugs in future clinical research. However, there is a need for in vitro and in vivo studies with polyphenol that prove and ratify the therapeutic potential of this fruit for several NDDs.

scholarly journals Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Maciejczyk ◽  
Anna Zalewska ◽  
Karolina Gerreth
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neuronal Apoptosis ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Saliva Collection ◽  
Cerebral Degeneration

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, are disorders, which cause irreversible and progressive deterioration of the central nervous system. The pathophysiology of NDDs is still not fully explained; nevertheless, oxidative stress is considered as a critical mediator of cerebral degeneration, brain inflammation, as well as neuronal apoptosis. Therefore, it is not surprising that redox biomarkers are increasingly used in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. As saliva is a very easy to obtain bioliquid, it seems promising to use this biomaterial in the diagnosis of NDDs. Saliva collection is easy, cheap, stress-free, and non-infectious, and it does not require the help of a specialised medical personnel. Additionally, the concentrations of many salivary redox biomarkers correlate with their content in blood serum as well as the degree of disease progression, which makes them non-invasive indicators of NDDs. This paper reviews the latest knowledge concerning the use of salivary redox biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of selected neurodegenerative diseases.

Oxidative Stress and Accelerated Aging in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (40) ◽  
pp. 4711-4725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ridhima Wadhwa ◽  
Riya Gupta ◽  
Pawan K. Maurya
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background: Neurodegenerative diseases are becoming more and more common in today’s world. As people are continuously being exposed to exogenous factors like UV radiations, gamma rays, X-Rays, environmental pollutants and heavy metals, the cases of increased oxidative damage are increasing. Even though some amount of oxidative damage occurs in all metabolic reactions but their increase from the normal level in organisms causes neurodegenerative diseases. These neurodegenerative disorders like Alzeimers, Parkinsons disease and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar, depression are caused due to the decline in physiological and psychological functions caused by ROS and RNS. These ROS and RNS are formed as the result of excess oxidative damage in the system. Methods: The following article goes into detail explaining all the effects caused by excess oxidative damage like ROS/RNS formation and telomere shortening. Further, it explains the pathways of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases. This article also sheds light on the effective treatments of such disorders by changing lifestyle and activating antioxidant pathways. Conclusion: It is clear that neurodegenerative diseases are caused due to excess oxidative stress and alter the functioning of the central nervous system. The central nervous system undergoes neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric changes.

scholarly journals Potential of Naturally Derived Alkaloids as Multi-Targeted Therapeutic Agents for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 728
Author(s):  
Yew Rong Kong ◽  
Kai Ching Tay ◽  
Yi Xiang Su ◽  
Choon Kwang Wong ◽  
Wen Nee Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Symptomatic Management ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Continuous Source

Alkaloids are a class of secondary metabolites that can be derived from plants, fungi and marine sponges. They are widely known as a continuous source of medicine for the management of chronic disease including cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. For example, galanthamine and huperzine A are alkaloid derivatives currently being used for the symptomatic management of neurodegenerative disease. The etiology of neurodegenerative diseases is polygenic and multifactorial including but not limited to inflammation, oxidative stress and protein aggregation. Therefore, natural-product-based alkaloids with polypharmacology modulation properties are potentially useful for further drug development or, to a lesser extent, as nutraceuticals to manage neurodegeneration. This review aims to discuss and summarise recent developments in relation to naturally derived alkaloids for neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Oxidative Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Therapeutic Strategies

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Facecchia ◽  
Lee-Anne Fochesato ◽  
Sidhartha D. Ray ◽  
Sidney J. Stohs ◽  
Siyaram Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Antioxidative Agents ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization

Besides fluorine, oxygen is the most electronegative element with the highest reduction potential in biological systems. Metabolic pathways in mammalian cells utilize oxygen as the ultimate oxidizing agent to harvest free energy. They are very efficient, but not without risk of generating various oxygen radicals. These cells have good antioxidative defense mechanisms to neutralize these radicals and prevent oxidative stress. However, increased oxidative stress results in oxidative modifications in lipid, protein, and nucleic acids, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke-related brain damage. Research has indicated mitochondria play a central role in cell suicide. An increase in oxidative stress causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to more production of reactive oxygen species and eventually mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Once the mitochondria are destabilized, cells are destined to commit suicide. Therefore, antioxidative agents alone are not sufficient to protect neuronal loss in many neurodegenerative diseases. Combinatorial treatment with antioxidative agents could stabilize mitochondria and may be the most suitable strategy to prevent neuronal loss. This review discusses recent work related to oxidative toxicity in the central nervous system and strategies to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Ferroptosis Mechanisms Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cadiele Oliana Reichert ◽  
Fábio Alessandro de Freitas ◽  
Juliana Sampaio-Silva ◽  
Leonardo Rokita-Rosa ◽  
Priscila de Lima Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Intracellular Iron ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Brain

Ferroptosis is a type of cell death that was described less than a decade ago. It is caused by the excess of free intracellular iron that leads to lipid (hydro) peroxidation. Iron is essential as a redox metal in several physiological functions. The brain is one of the organs known to be affected by iron homeostatic balance disruption. Since the 1960s, increased concentration of iron in the central nervous system has been associated with oxidative stress, oxidation of proteins and lipids, and cell death. Here, we review the main mechanisms involved in the process of ferroptosis such as lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase 4 enzyme activity, and iron metabolism. Moreover, the association of ferroptosis with the pathophysiology of some neurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases, has also been addressed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document