scholarly journals Economic Risks of Aflatoxin Contamination in Marketing of Peanut in Benin

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bley N'dede ◽  
C. M. Jolly ◽  
Simplice D. Vodouhe ◽  
P. E. Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Financial Risk ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Trading Decisions ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Marketing Chain ◽  
Financial Losses

Aflatoxin (AF) is a human health, nutrition, and financial risk to many people in the developing world. AF contamination in peanut is caused by the fungi: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. AF is a potent carcinogenic toxin that also causes millions of dollars of financial losses to people in Africa. The fungus producing the AF can be reduced to an acceptable level by proper drying, sorting, storage, and cleaning of peanut. Government intervention and regulation can also encourage market participants to reduce AF contamination. In this paper, we examine the financial risk associated with sorting, and storing of peanut and peanut products along the marketing chain. Study results show that the prices paid for peanut, prices received, the costs of sorting and storage are dominant factors in reducing AF levels in peanut. Practices such as drying, sorting, and storing, however, pose financial risks to market traders of peanut. Unless government intervenes by requesting an AF-reduced peanut and provides assistance for market liberalization where market participants consider quality in trading decisions, suppliers of peanut will be reluctant to adopt AF-reducing techniques.

scholarly journals THE MECHANISM OF DIVERSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL RISKS AND THEIR ASSESSMENT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viacheslav Dereza
Keyword(s):  
Financial Risk ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lending Rates ◽  
Financial Losses ◽  
Level Of Risk

The article discusses approaches to minimizing financial losses by diversifying financial risks, it is proposed to improve the mechanism for diversifying financial risks, which should consist of the following stages: 1) Formation by the financial and economic department of the subject (enterprise, bank, investment company, etc.) of the input data, depending on the type of activity, among which the most typical are: volumes and structure of credit resources, their price, borrowing terms, loan currency, volumes and structure of product exports and imports of goods, export and import currencies, duration of the production cycle, volumes and structure of securities portfolio, types of securities, profitability indicators, types and the level of expenses. 2) Determination of the types of financial risks faced by an economic entity, and its measurement for each type, as well as the level of losses suffered by an economic entity in previous periods, in order to assess the feasibility of diversifying financial risks. 3) Determination of the most effective diversification options for an economic entity by comparing the costs of implementing possible options and the resulting from diversification by reducing the level of risk. 4) Assessment of other options for minimizing losses from financial risks that the entity can apply and which can be grouped as follows: hedging risks, limiting and compensating risks. 5) Calculation of financial implications for an economic entity from the introduction of financial risk diversification To do this, it is necessary to compare the costs and the expected effect of diversification, that is, will the level of risk decrease, or what will be the maximum possible financial losses. Calculated on the basis of statistical data, the values of the coefficient of variation of deposit and lending rates, as well as the exchange rate of UAH to foreign currencies. A methodology for assessing the level of possible financial losses and the effectiveness of the process of diversifying financial risks is proposed. The introduction of a mechanism for diversifying financial risks will help reduce financial losses by economic entities, which in turn will improve the overall financial results of their activities.

scholarly journals Фінансові ризики: економічна природа та класифікація різновидів

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
Виклюк М.І. ◽  
Мірошник Р.О. ◽  
Майор О.В.
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Financial Activity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Financial Losses

The article presents the theoretical and methodological foundations of the content of the definition of “financial risk”. The existing scientific approaches to understanding the economic nature of the concept under study have been generalized on the basis of morphological analysis. It has been noted that the first approach treats financial risk in the context of the financial results of the enterprise, in particular as a risk, the possibility of financial losses due to negative events; the second approach defines financial risk as a cost estimation of the probability of an event leading to financial losses of the enterprise; the third approach defines financial risk as a complex of cause and effect relationships, that is, a set of types of financial risks that affect not only the financial activity but also the production and commercial activity of the entity. It have been presented an author’s interpretation of financial risk as a certain probability of avoiding financial results in the form of loss of profit, income, assets or capital in the conditions of objective unpredictability of financial and economic activity. It has been noted that financial risk as an economic category is characterized by a number of basic and specific properties that are manifested in the interaction of such elements of financial risk as uncertainty, losses, consequences and opportunities. The types of financial risk have been classified into two groups: external financial risks (inflation, deposit, tax, interest, currency); internal financial risks (risks of business processes: risk of insolvency, risk of reduction of financial stability, profitability, turnover, liquidity; investment risk: portfolio, interest, credit, dividend; other financial risks: risk of missed profit, structural, new. Basic methods and tools used to manage and implement financial risk mitigation policies in the operations of enterprises have been summarized.

scholarly journals Strategic financial risk management of industrial enterprises in the conditions of uncertainty

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-483
Author(s):  
E. B. Maevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Complete System ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Financial Risk Management ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Financial Losses

In article the main aspects of management of financial risks for the purpose of formation of the complete system promoting avoidance of financial losses and growth of cost of the industrial enterprises are considered. Functions of a financial risk management in terms of its practical application are characterized. The strategy of functioning of a financial risk management in modern conditions of managing of the industrial enterprises is presented. Ways of management of financial risks of the industrial enterprises in the conditions of uncertainty and volatility of the economic environment are offered. Measures of quantitative assessment of financial risks which can serve discrete sizes of criteria indicators of activity of the industrial enterprise, on the basis of the available statistical data which values are defined by influence of external and internal factors are defined.

Financial Risks of the Bank: Assessment and Mechanism of Neutralization

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Nelia Volkova ◽  
◽  
Alina Mukhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Banking Institution ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction. The issue of financial risk management of commercial banks is quite relevant today, because the activity of banks is the most risky of all. The presence of risks in banking can lead to unexpected losses, namely the loss of own resources. That’s why for the stable operation of the bank without loss the priority is to assess the financial risks, which is the basis for their further neutralization. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop conceptual provisions for assessment financial risks and justifying the need to neutralize them. Results. The article analyzes the impact of risks on the financial stability of a banking institution. The main methods of bank risk assessment are considered. All these include the statistical method, the analytical method, the expert method, the analogue method and the combined method. The necessity of neutralization of financial risks in order to avoid negative consequences is substantiated. Also the methods of bank risks neutralization are considered. It should be noted that these methods of neutralization can not only be used, but also supplement the list with new methods must be done, which in the future will protect the bank from the influence of undesirable factors. A conceptual approach to the assessment and neutralization of financial risks is proposed. This conceptual approach aims to ensure effective assessment of the level of risk with their subsequent neutralization Conclusions. Use of a conceptual approach will allow an effective risk assessment and decision-making to avoid or accept risk. Thanks to using this approach, the banking institution will be able to react swiftly to the presence of financial risks and to prevent the occurrence of negative consequences, which may lead to a violation of the financial stability of the bank.

FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY: CONCEPT, SYSTEM AND PRINCIPLE OF BUILDING

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
M. M. KHAYTANOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Study Methods ◽  
Financial Risk Management ◽  
Concept System

The article reveals: theoretical justifications of the concept of “financial risk” in relation to the sphere of entrepreneurship; methods for its identification and processing. Financial risk management is the activity of identification, assessment, control and monitoring of risks. In the course of the study, methods for managing financial risks in entrepreneurial activity and their classification were identified.

Production of Aflatoxin in Cocoa Beans

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1076-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M Lenovich ◽  
W Jeffrey Hurst
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Substrate Variation

Abstract Aflatoxin was produced in both non-autoclaved and autoclaved Ivory Coast cocoa beans inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 under optimum laboratory growth conditions. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 213 to 5597 ng/g substrate. Aflatoxin was quantitated by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Raw, non-autoclaved cocoa beans, also inoculated with aspergilli, produced 6359 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. Variation in aflatoxin production between bean varieties was observed. Total aflatoxin levels of 10,446 and 23,076 ng/g substrate were obtained on Ivory Coast beans inoculated with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3240, respectively. Aflatoxin production on Trinidad and Malaysian beans was 28 and 65 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. These data support previously reported low level natural aflatoxin contamination in cocoa.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin contamination in food crops: causes, detection, and management: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Hardik Pathak ◽  
Seema Bhadauria ◽  
Jebi Sudan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
Post Harvesting ◽  
Favorable Conditions

AbstractMycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species and molds. Under favorable conditions like high temperature and moisture, they contaminate a large number of food commodities and regional crops during pre and post-harvesting. Aflatoxin is the main mycotoxin that harm animal and human health due to its carcinogenic nature. Aflatoxins are mainly released by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. AFB1 constitutes the most harmful type of aflatoxins and is a potent hepato-carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and it suppresses the immune system. To maintain food safety and to prevent aflatoxin contamination in food crops, combined approaches of using resistant varieties along with recommended farming practices should be followed. This review concentrates on various aspects of mycotoxin contamination in crops and recent methods to prevent or minimize the contamination.

scholarly journals Evaluating risks-based communities of Mafia companies: a complex networks perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Giuseppe Castellano ◽  
Roy Cerqueti ◽  
Bruno Maria Franceschetti
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Risk Profiles ◽  
Crime Organization ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Risk Ratios

AbstractThis paper presents a data-driven complex network approach, to show similarities and differences—in terms of financial risks—between the companies involved in organized crime businesses and those who are not. At this aim, we construct and explore two networks under the assumption that highly connected companies hold similar financial risk profiles of large entity. Companies risk profiles are captured by a statistically consistent overall risk indicator, which is obtained by suitably aggregating four financial risk ratios. The community structures of the networks are analyzed under a statistical perspective, by implementing a rank-size analysis and by investigating the features of their distributions through entropic comparisons. The theoretical model is empirically validated through a high quality dataset of Italian companies. Results highlights remarkable differences between the considered sets of companies, with a higher heterogeneity and a general higher risk profiles in companies traceable back to a crime organization environment.

Benin Groundnut Producers’ Perceptions, Awareness and Action about Aflatoxin

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
C.M. Jolly ◽  
S. Vodouhe ◽  
B. Bayard ◽  
P.E. Jolly ◽  
J.T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Belief Model

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin (AF) contamination of groundnut poses a serious health and economic threat to Benin market participants. However, most farmers are unaware of the problem. A study of 182 farmers was conducted in 2002 using a Health Belief Model (HBM) to examine Benin farmers’ health beliefs, perception constructs of awareness, susceptibility, seriousness of the problem, barriers, and benefits derived from reducing AF levels. Exploratory Factor Analysis was employed to evaluate the HBM model constructs. The average age of farmers was 40.4 years with a Standard Deviation (SD) of 10.8, and farmers had an average of 18.32 years of farming experience. Approximately 93% of farmers stated that sorting of groundnuts was important or very important, while 77% thought that they were sure or definitely sure of the negative effects of AF on human health. The exploratory factor analysis revealed that two factors embodied the susceptibility, barrier and benefit constructs. The study results indicated that the reduction of AF in groundnuts was multidimensional and required policy intervention to increase awareness of the health risks, and to manipulate the factors that influenced the constructs at the farm and policy level.

Extracts of Agave americana inhibit aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rosas-Taraco ◽  
E. Sanchez ◽  
S. García ◽  
N. Heredia ◽  
D. Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Agave Americana ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Norsolorinic Acid

Toxigenic fungi invade crops prior to harvest as well as during storage and produce harmful, even carcinogenic toxins such as aflatoxins. Since consumers demand safe commodities, and due to enhanced public awareness of the dangers of many synthetic fungicides, the importance of investigating alternative, natural products to control these toxigenic fungi is clear. This study investigated the effect of aqueous extracts of Agave americana on growth, conidia and aflatoxin production. Aspergillus parasiticus strains SRRC 148, SRRC 143 (Su-1), and A. parasiticus SRRC 162, a mutant (nor-) that accumulates norsolorinic acid (NOR, an orange-coloured intermediate of the aflatoxin pathway), were first inoculated into Adye and Mateles liquid medium, then plant extracts were added, and incubated at 28 °C for 7 days. Aflatoxin and norsolorinic acid were assayed by HPLC and spectrophotometry, respectively. While the extract of A. americana stimulated growth of the studied fungi, conidiogenesis, norsolorinic acid accumulation (in the nor- mutant), and aflatoxin production were significantly affected. The reduction was produced by the extracts at concentrations higher than 5-10 mg/ml, where all types of total aflatoxin analysed (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2) were reduced from 64% to >99% in the whole culture, and a reduction of 75% of norsolorinic acid. The results of the present work indicate that extracts of A. americana may be promising safe alternatives to harmful fungicides for controlling aflatoxin contamination.

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