scholarly journals A Theoretical Investigation of the Ring Strain Energy, Destabilization Energy, and Heat of Formation of CL-20

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Bumpus
Keyword(s):  
Strain Energy ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Heat Of Formation ◽  
Van Der Waals Interactions ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Ring Strain ◽  
Torsional Strain ◽  
Cage Compound ◽  
High Energy Density Material

The cage compound CL-20 (a.k.a., 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane, HNIW, or 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazatetracyclo[5.5.0.03,11.05,9]dodecane) is a well-studied high-energy-density material (HEDM). The high positive gas- (ΔfHg°) and solid- (ΔfHs°) phase heat of formation values for CL-20 conformers have often been attributed to the strain energy of this cage compound and, by implication, to the conventional ring strain energy (CRSE) inherent in isowurtzitane which may be viewed as a “parent compound” (although not the synthetic precursor) of CL-20. ΔfHg° values and destabilization energies (DSEs), which include the contribution from CRSE, were determined by computation using a relatively new multilevel ab intio model chemistry. Compared to cubane, isowurtzitane does not have an exceptionally high CRSE. It is about the same as that of cyclopropane and cyclobutane. These investigations demonstrate that instead of the CRSE inherent in the isowurtzitane parent compound, the relatively high ΔfHg° and DSE values of CL-20 conformers must be due, primarily, to torsional strain (Pitzer strain), transannular strain (Prelog strain), and van der Waals interactions that occur due to the presence of the six >N–NO2 substituents that replace the six methylene (–CH2–) groups in the isowurtzitane parent compound. These conclusions are even more pronounced when 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane is viewed as the “parent compound.”

Computational studies on a high density cage compound hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane derivative

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Hong Li ◽  
Xian-Zhou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Heat Of Formation ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Detonation Properties ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Dissociation Energies ◽  
Cage Compound ◽  
Detonation Velocity And Pressure

A newly designed polynitro cage compound with a framework of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G** level. IR spectrum, heat of formation (HOF), and thermodynamic properties were also predicted. The detonation velocity and pressure were evaluated by using the Kamlet–Jacobs equations, based on the theoretical density and condensed HOF. The bond dissociation energies (BDEs) and bond orders for the weakest bonds were analyzed to investigate the thermal stability of the title compound. The results show that the first step of pyrolysis is the rupture of the N8–NO2 bond. The crystal structure obtained by molecular mechanics belongs to the P21 space group, with the following lattice parameters: Z = 2, a = 11.10 Å, b = 15.15 Å, c = 10.77 Å, ρ = 1.872 g cm−3. The designed compound has high thermal stability and good detonation properties, and is a promising high-energy-density compound.

Molecular design on a new family of azaoxaadamantane cage compounds as potential high-energy density compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Pan ◽  
Weihua Zhu ◽  
Heming Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Detonation Properties ◽  
Detonation Pressure ◽  
Cage Compounds ◽  
New Family

A new family of azaoxaadamantane cage compounds were firstly designed by introducing the oxygen atom into hexanitrohexaazaoxaadmantane (HNHAA) to replace the N–NO2 group. Their properties including heats of formation (HOFs), detonation properties, strain energies, thermal stability, and sensitivity were extensively studied by using density functional theory. All of the title compounds exhibit surprisingly high density (ρ > 2.01 g/cm3) and excellent detonation properties (detonation velocity (D) > 9.29 km/s and detonation pressure (P) > 40.80 GPa). In particular, B (4,8,9,10-tetraazadioxaadamantane) and C (6,8,9,10-tetraazadioxaadamantane) have a remarkably high D and P values (9.70 km/s and 44.45 GPa, respectively), which are higher than that of HNHAA or CL-20. All of the title compound have higher thermal stability and lower sensitivity (h50 > 19.58 cm) compared with the parent compound HNHAA. Three triazatrioxaadamantane cage compounds, D (6,8,9-triazatrioxaadamantane), E (6,8,10-triazatrioxaadamantane), and F (8,9,10-triazatrioxaadamantane), are expected to be relatively insensitive explosives. All of the title compounds exhibit a combination of high denotation properties, good thermal stability, and low insensitivity.

High-pressure new phase of AgN3

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150386
Author(s):  
Shifeng Niu ◽  
Ran Liu ◽  
Xuhan Shi ◽  
Zhen Yao ◽  
Bingbing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Detonation Properties ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Structure Search ◽  
Enthalpy Difference ◽  
High Energy Density Material

The structural evolutionary behaviors of AgN3 have been studied by using the particle swarm optimization structure search method combined with the density functional theory. One stable high-pressure metal polymeric phase with the [Formula: see text] space group is suggested. The enthalpy difference analysis indicates that the Ibam-AgN3 phase will transfer to the I4/mcm-AgN3 phase at 4.7 GPa and then to the [Formula: see text]-AgN3 phase at 24 GPa. The [Formula: see text]-AgN3 structure is composed of armchair–antiarmchair N-chain, in which all the N atoms are sp2 hybridization. The inherent stability of the armchair–antiarmchair chain and the anion–cation interaction between the N-chain and Ag atom induce a high stability of the [Formula: see text]-AgN3 phase, which can be captured at ambient conditions and hold its stable structure up to 1400 K. The exhibited high energy density (1.88 KJ/g) and prominent detonation properties ([Formula: see text] Km/s; [Formula: see text] GPa) of the [Formula: see text]-AgN3 phase make it a potentially high energy density material.

C8N12O8: A Promising Insensitive High-Energy-Density Material

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 6150-6154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wang ◽  
Yanli Shao ◽  
Ming Lu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
High Energy Density Material

scholarly journals Crystal structure of 1,10-phenanthrolinium 3-hydroxy-2,4,6-trinitrophenolate

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 783-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selvarasu Muthulakshmi ◽  
Doraisamyraja Kalaivani
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Benzene Ring ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Thermal Testing ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
High Energy Density Material ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Molecular Salt

In the title molecular salt, C12H9N2+·C6H2N3O8−, the cation and anion are connected by an N—H...O hydrogen bond. In the anion, an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond with anS(6) ring motif is observed. The planes of two of the nitro groups are approximately parallel to the plane of the benzene ring, making dihedral angles of 3.9 (2) and 15.3 (2)°, while the third nitro group is almost perpendicular to the benzene ring, with a dihedral angle of 78.6 (3)°. In the crystal, cation–anion pairs related by ann-glide plane are connected by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain structure along [101]. Sensitivity tests and thermal testing indicate that the title salt is an insensitive high-energy-density material (IHEDM).

Ti(N5)4 as a Potential Nitrogen-Rich Stable High-Energy Density Material

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (24) ◽  
pp. 4249-4255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhyeok Choi ◽  
Hae-Wook Yoo ◽  
Eun Mee Goh ◽  
Soo Gyeong Cho ◽  
Yousung Jung
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
High Energy Density Material

scholarly journals Carbon-doped K4 nitrogen: A novel high energy density material

2011 ◽  
Vol 506 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Wen ◽  
Seiichi Takami ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kawazoe ◽  
Tadafumi Adschiri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Carbon Doped ◽  
High Energy Density Material

ChemInform Abstract: N5+: A Novel Homoleptic Polynitrogen Ion as a High Energy Density Material.

ChemInform ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (38) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
Karl O. Christe ◽  
William W. Wilson ◽  
Jeffrey A. Sheehy ◽  
Jerry A. Boatz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
High Energy Density Material
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