scholarly journals Age-Related Deficits of Dual-Task Walking: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Beurskens ◽  
Otmar Bock
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Partial Compensation

This review summarizes our present knowledge about elderly people's problems with walking. We highlight the plastic changes in the brain that allow a partial compensation of these age-related deficits and discuss the associated costs and limitations. Experimental evidence for the crucial role of executive functions and working memory is presented, leading us to the hypothesis that it is difficult for seniors to coordinate two streams of visual information, one related to navigation through visually defined space, and the other to a visually demanding second task. This hypothesis predicts that interventions aimed at the efficiency of visuovisual coordination in the elderly will ameliorate their deficits in dual-task walking.

scholarly journals From Exercise to Cognitive Performance: Role of Irisin

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7120
Author(s):  
Mirko Pesce ◽  
Irene La Fratta ◽  
Teresa Paolucci ◽  
Alfredo Grilli ◽  
Antonia Patruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
General Exercise ◽  
Fibronectin Type Iii ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Fibronectin Type Iii Domain ◽  
The Brain

The beneficial effects of exercise on the brain are well known. In general, exercise offers an effective way to improve cognitive function in all ages, particularly in the elderly, who are considered the most vulnerable to neurodegenerative disorders. In this regard, myokines, hormones secreted by muscle in response to exercise, have recently gained attention as beneficial mediators. Irisin is a novel exercise-induced myokine, that modulates several bodily processes, such as glucose homeostasis, and reduces systemic inflammation. Irisin is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), a transmembrane precursor protein expressed in muscle under the control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). The FNDC5/irisin system is also expressed in the hippocampus, where it stimulates the expression of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor in this area that is associated with learning and memory. In this review, we aimed to discuss the role of irisin as a key mediator of the beneficial effects of exercise on synaptic plasticity and memory in the elderly, suggesting its roles within the main promoters of the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain.

scholarly journals The Dual Role of Vitamin K2 in “Bone-Vascular Crosstalk”: Opposite Effects on Bone Loss and Vascular Calcification

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1222
Author(s):  
Domitilla Mandatori ◽  
Letizia Pelusi ◽  
Valeria Schiavone ◽  
Caterina Pipino ◽  
Natalia Di Pietro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Loss ◽  
Vascular Calcification ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Vitamin K2 ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Calcium Deposition ◽  
Age Related

Osteoporosis (OP) and vascular calcification (VC) represent relevant health problems that frequently coexist in the elderly population. Traditionally, they have been considered independent processes, and mainly age-related. However, an increasing number of studies have reported their possible direct correlation, commonly defined as “bone-vascular crosstalk”. Vitamin K2 (VitK2), a family of several natural isoforms also known as menaquinones (MK), has recently received particular attention for its role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. In particular, VitK2 deficiency seems to be responsible of the so-called “calcium paradox” phenomenon, characterized by low calcium deposition in the bone and its accumulation in the vessel wall. Since these events may have important clinical consequences, and the role of VitK2 in bone-vascular crosstalk has only partially been explained, this review focuses on its effects on the bone and vascular system by providing a more recent literature update. Overall, the findings reported here propose the VitK2 family as natural bioactive molecules that could be able to play an important role in the prevention of bone loss and vascular calcification, thus encouraging further in-depth studies to achieve its use as a dietary food supplement.

Abstract 65: Restoration of Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Protects Against Stroke in Mice

Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali Chauhan ◽  
Jacob Hudobenko ◽  
Anthony Patrizz ◽  
Louise D McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Delayed Treatment ◽  
Aged Mice ◽  
Infarct Area ◽  
Age Related

Introduction: GDF 11 is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. Loss of GDF11 occurs with aging and declining levels correlate with several detrimental age-associated phenotypes in both peripheral tissues and brain. Restoration of GDF11 enhances neurogenesis and cognitive function in aged mice. Brain expression of GDF11 has not been investigated after stroke. Stroke differentially affects the elderly. In this work we examined the role of GDF11 in aging, stroke and its potential utility as a neuroprotective agent. Methods: Male C57/BL6NCrl young (2-3 months) and aged (19-21) mice were used. Brain GDF11 expression was evaluated in young and aged mice by western blot. Focal ischemia was induced with a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Mice were randomly assigned into two groups and were subjected to 90 min MCAO. Group 1 received vehicle (phosphate buffered saline) and group 2 was administered rGDF11 (100 ug/kg., ip) at the onset of ischemia. In additional experiments, the efficacy of delayed treatment (3 h after ischemia) with rGDF11 was tested. These mice were subjected to a 60 min MCAO. Mice were euthanized after 24 hours and 7 days respectively and brains were harvested to estimate infarct area. Results: A significant decrease in brain GDF11 levels was observed in aged mice as compared to young (p<0.05). Additionally, a significant decline in brain GDF11 expression was observed after stroke at 24 hours vs. sham groups (p<0.05). A significant decrease in cortical and hemispheric infarct area was observed in the rGDF11 group (cortical 48.73±1.05; hemisphere 49.68±3.58) as compared to vehicle group (60.54±4.88; 61.35±6.03), when GDF was administered at the time of ischemia. Delayed treatment with rGDF11 also reduced infarct at 7 days. Conclusions: Brain GDF11 levels decline with age and after stroke. Supplementation with rGDF11 ameliorates stroke induced injury in young mice at 24h and 7 days. These finding suggest potential role of GDF11 in age and stroke. Restoration of age-related loss of GDF may be a viable therapy for stroke.

scholarly journals Decline in rates of clearance of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes with increasing age

Blood ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1726-1730
Author(s):  
KA Melez ◽  
LF Fries ◽  
BS Bender ◽  
T Quinn ◽  
MM Frank
Keyword(s):  
Aging Process ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Macrophage Function ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Male Subjects

Decreased immune functions have been suggested as a cause for the increased incidence of autoimmunity, malignancy, and infection in the elderly population. To assess the possible role of changes in macrophage function in the aging process we studied the Fc receptor- mediated clearance of IgG-coated erythrocytes in 56 healthy normal volunteers by following the removal of radiolabeled autologous erythrocytes. An age-related decrease in Fc-mediated clearance rates in both female and male subjects was found, which suggests a physiological decline of this macrophage function in older individuals.

COGNITIVE AGING AND COGNITIVE RESERVE: POINT OF CONTACT

2020 ◽  
pp. 256-264
Author(s):  
В. С. Мякотных ◽  
А. П. Сиденкова ◽  
Е. С. Остапчук ◽  
И. А. Кулакова ◽  
Н. А. Белых ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One

Высокий риск когнитивных расстройств у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста заставляет, с одной стороны, искать их причины, с другой - возможности профилактики. В связи с этим в последние годы получило распространение понятие когнитивного резерва, подразумевающего совокупность количественных параметров головного мозга и его способности сохранять высокую функциональную активность в процессе старения и на фоне связанной с возрастом патологии головного мозга. Представленный в статье материал на основе обзора научной литературы освещает два основных момента, касающихся возможности сохранения когнитивного резерва, - гендерный и образовательный факторы. Указывается на разные возможности женщин и мужчин, связанные со структурными и функциональными особенностями ЦНС у представителей разного пола, и на особую роль поддерживаемого в течение всей жизни образовательного процесса. Обозначена авторская позиция о необходимости разделения понятий образования и образованности, то есть уровня общей культуры и создания удобного инструмента для определения последнего. Это, в свою очередь, помогло бы в разработке модели когнитивного резерва, нацеленной на предотвращение трансформации физиологического когнитивного старения в патологическое. The high risk of cognitive disorders in the elderly and senile age makes, on the one hand, to look for their causes, on the other - the possibility of prevention. In this regard, in recent years, the concept of cognitive reserve has become widespread, implying a set of quantitative parameters of the brain and its ability to maintain high functional activity in the process of aging and against the background of age-related brain pathology. The material presented in the article on the basis of the review of scientific literature highlights two main points concerning the possibility of preserving the cognitive reserve-gender and educational factors. It is pointed to the different opportunities of women and men associated with the structural and functional characteristics of the Central nervous system in representatives of different sexes and the special role of the educational process supported throughout life. The author’s position on the need to separate the concepts of education and the level of General culture, and the creation of a convenient tool for determining the latter is indicated. This, in turn, would help in the development of a cognitive reserve model aimed at preventing the transformation of physiological cognitive aging into pathological aging.

Cognition in Ageing

2018 ◽  
pp. 118-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susmita Halder ◽  
Akash Kumar Mahato
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Growing Age ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

This chapter focuses on cognitive functions and impairment in the elderly; its implications in daily functioning with inputs on differences in the existing literature. The chapter further focuses on the diagnostic and assessment issues and intervention strategies. Ageing is an inevitable phase of life and encompasses changes in physical, psychological and social realms of an individual. Concern with the dwindling health and presence of any medical issues make the geriatric population prone to develop mental health conditions. Poor memory and reduced functional ability is one of the common complaints from older adults coming to psychiatric or neurology clinics. Cognitive functions have been well documented regarding their role in daily functioning of an individual. With growing age of the brain; while some cognitive functions do slow down; some of the functions do evolve better with experience. In this context, it is important to differentiate between normal age related cognitive changes and symptoms of any degenerative disease.

scholarly journals The Role of Adrenoceptors in the Retina

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2594
Author(s):  
Yue Ruan ◽  
Tobias Böhmer ◽  
Subao Jiang ◽  
Adrian Gericke
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
System A ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The retina is a part of the central nervous system, a thin multilayer with neuronal lamination, responsible for detecting, preprocessing, and sending visual information to the brain. Many retinal diseases are characterized by hemodynamic perturbations and neurodegeneration leading to vision loss and reduced quality of life. Since catecholamines and respective bindings sites have been characterized in the retina, we systematically reviewed the literature with regard to retinal expression, distribution and function of alpha1 (α1)-, alpha2 (α2)-, and beta (β)-adrenoceptors (ARs). Moreover, we discuss the role of the individual adrenoceptors as targets for the treatment of retinal diseases.

Contribution of a Metal-Peroxide Adduct to Neurodegeneration Is Due to Its Oxidative Protease Activity

1999 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 1107-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzo Nishida ◽  
Satoshi Nishino
Keyword(s):  
Prion Disease ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Many hypotheses have been developed to explain aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders; one of the most compelling is the role of oxidative stress to induce changes in protease activity in brains of patients of Alzheimer’s disease and prion disease. At the moment however, there is no clear answer how protein degradation may be achieved in the brain. We have observed that several metal compounds can degrade proteins in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, and elucidated the reaction scheme based on the new theoretical point for the reactivity of a metal-peroxide adduct with η1-coordination mode. In this article we would like to point out the importance of a copper(II)-peroxide adduct to promote neurodegenerative diseases such as prion disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through its oxidative protease function.

scholarly journals Perception is far from perfection: The role of the brain and mind in constructing realities

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 763-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itiel E. Dror
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
The Brain

Dichotomizing perceptions, by those that have an objective reality and those that do not, is rejected. Perceptions are suggested to fall along a multidimensional continuum in which neither end is totally “pure.” At the extreme ends, perceptions neither have an objective reality without some subjectivity, nor, at the other end, even as hallucinations, are they totally dissociated from reality.

scholarly journals Chronic Inflammation as an Immunological Abnormality and Effectiveness of Exercise

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuhiko Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Tissue Degeneration ◽  
Age Related

Reduced levels of physical activity in people’s daily lives cause the development of metabolic syndromes or age-related disorders. Chronic inflammation is now understood to be an underlying pathological condition in which inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages infiltrate into fat and other tissues and accumulate when people become obese due to overeating and/or physical inactivity. Pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines that are secreted in excess from inflammatory cells will not only lead to the development of arteriosclerosis when they chronically affect blood vessels but also bring tissue degeneration and/or dysfunction to various organs. Chronic inflammation is also involved in sarcopenia that brings hypofunction in the elderly, dementia, osteoporosis, or cancer and negatively affects many chronic diseases and people’s healthy life expectancy. In this paper, outlines of such studies are introduced in terms of homeostatic inflammation, which occurs chronically due to the innate immune system and its abnormalities, while focusing on the efficacy of exercise from aspects of immunology and oxidative stress. The preventative effects of functional food ingredients in combination with exercise are also introduced and described. The challenges and future directions in understanding the role of exercise in the control of chronic inflammation are discussed.

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