scholarly journals Alternative Exercise Technologies to Fight against Sarcopenia at Old Age: A Series of Studies and Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Kemmler ◽  
Simon von Stengel
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
And Function

The most effective physiologic mean to prevent sarcopenia and related muscle malfunction is a physically active lifestyle, or even better, physical exercise. However, due to time constraints, lack of motivation, or physical limitations, a large number of elderly subjects are either unwilling or unable to perform conventional workouts. In this context, two new exercise technologies, whole-body vibration (WBV) and whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), may exhibit a save, autonomous, and efficient alternative to increase or maintain muscle mass and function. Regarding WB-EMS, the few recent studies indeed demonstrated highly relevant effects of this technology on muscle mass, strength, and power parameters at least in the elderly, with equal or even higher effects compared with conventional resistance exercise. On the contrary, although the majority of studies with elderly subjects confirmed the positive effect of WBV on strength and power parameters, a corresponding relevant effect on muscle mass was not reported. However, well-designed studies with adequate statistical power should focus more intensely on this issue.

scholarly journals Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation on function, muscle mass, strength, social participation, and falls-efficacy in older people: A randomized trial protocol

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245809
Author(s):  
Túlio Medina Dutra de Oliveira ◽  
Diogo Carvalho Felício ◽  
José Elias Filho ◽  
João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan ◽  
Diogo Simões Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Physical Limitations

Background Resistance training has a positive impact on functional capacity and muscle mass in the elderly. However, due to physical limitations or a simple aversion against regular exercise, a majority of the elderly do not reach the recommended exercise doses. This led us to evaluate the effect of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), a novel, time-efficient, and smooth training technology on physical function, fat-free mass, strength, falls-efficacy, and social participation of the elderly. Methods The present study is a randomized, parallel group clinical trial approved by the Ethics Committee of our Institution. Sixty-six volunteers (age ≥ 60 years) will be recruited from the geriatric outpatient department in a tertiary hospital and primary care units and randomized into two groups: WB-EMS group or active control group (aCG). The WB-EMS or aCG protocol will consist of 16 sessions for 8 consecutive weeks, twice per week. The primary outcomes will be maximal isometric knee extension (IKE), functional lower extremity strength, fat-free mass, gait speed, and risk of falls measured before and after intervention. The secondary outcomes will be social participation and falls-efficacy assessed before and after the intervention and at three and six months of follow-up. Participant’s satisfaction with and awareness of electrical stimulation therapy will also be assessed immediately after the 8-week intervention. Discussion Patients receiving WB-EMS exercises are believed to have better outcomes than those receiving conventional, more time-consuming resistance exercises. Hence, innovative, time-efficient, joint-friendly, and highly individualized exercise technologies (such as WB-EMS) may be a good choice for the elderly with time constraints, physical limitations, or little enthusiasm, who are exercising less than the recommended amounts for impact on muscle mass, strength, and function.

scholarly journals Association between inflammatory mediators, grip strength and mobility in community-dwelling elderly

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Gazolla de Macedo ◽  
Hanna Sette Câmara de Oliveira ◽  
Marielle Viotti de Paula ◽  
Gisele de Cássia Gomes ◽  
Carlos Maurício de Figueiredo Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein

Abstract Introduction: Aging is associated with loss of muscle mass, immunosenescence and increased production of inflammatory mediators, high levels being predictors of a decline in functional capacity in the elderly. Objective: To assess the association between inflammatory mediators, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) and functional capacity in the elderly. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 308 community-dwelling elderly. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, under protocol number 067/2010. Grip strength (GS) was measured using a JAMAR® dynamometer and functional capacity by the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Blood tests were performed and serum levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 assessed. Spearman’s coefficient was applied to analyze the correlation between variables and the Mann-Whitney for intergroup comparison. Significance was set at 0.05. Results: There was no significant correlation between GS, the TUG and inflammatory mediators (CRP and IL-6). However, by adjusting for variables such as age, sex and muscle mass, a significant and inverse correlation (p = 0.023) was observed between GS and CPR. Conclusion: Elderly subjects with low C-reactive protein levels performed better in the grip strength test. It is important to investigate the adverse effects on functional capacity that can be influenced by inflammatory cytokines in the elderly during aging.

Characterization of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Frequency and Function In Unexplained Anemia of the Elderly

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 2047-2047
Author(s):  
Wendy Pang ◽  
Elizabeth Price ◽  
Irving L. Weissman ◽  
Stanley L. Schrier
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stem And Progenitor Cells ◽  
And Function

Abstract Abstract 2047 Anemia is both a highly prevalent and clinically important condition that causes significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. While anemia in the elderly can be attributed to a number of causes, approximately 30% of elderly subjects with anemia have no overt etiology and fall under the category of unexplained anemia of the elderly (UA). There is increasing evidence to suggest that changes in the frequency and/or function of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells may contribute to the onset and pathophysiology of age-associated hematological conditions, such as UA. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) reside at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy and can differentiate, via increasingly committed downstream progenitors, into all the mature cells of the hematopoietic system. Human myelo-erythroid development proceeds through a set of oligopotent progenitors: HSC give rise to multipotent progenitors (MPP), which give rise to common myeloid progenitors (CMP), which in turn give rise to granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMP) and megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors (MEP). We use flow cytometry and in vitro culture of sorted human HSC (Lin-CD34+CD38-CD90+CD45RA-), MPP (Lin-CD34+CD38-CD90-CD45RA-), CMP (Lin-CD34+CD38+CD123+CD45RA-), GMP (Lin-CD34+CD38+CD123+CD45RA+), and MEP (Lin-CD34+CD38+CD123-CD45RA-) from hematologically normal young (23 samples; age 20–35) and elderly (11 samples; age 65+) and UA (5 samples; age 65+) bone marrow samples in order to characterize the changes in the distribution and function of hematopoietic stem and progenitor populations during the aging process and, in particular, in the development of UA. We found that UA patients contain higher frequencies of HSC compared to both elderly normal (1.5-fold; p<0.03) and young normal samples (2.8-fold; p<10-5). We also found increased frequencies of MPP from UA patients compared to MPP from elderly normal (2.6-fold; p<0.002) and young normal samples (5.8-fold; p<0.04). While we observed similar frequencies of CMP among the three groups, we found a notable trend suggesting decreased frequencies of GMP and corresponding increased frequencies of MEP in UA patients. Functionally, HSC from the three groups exhibit statistically insignificant differences in the efficiency of colony formation under the myeloid differentiation-promoting methylcellulose-based in vitro culture conditions; however, on average, HSC from elderly bone marrow samples, regardless of the presence or absence of anemia, tend to form fewer colonies in methylcellulose. Interestingly, HSC from UA patients produce more granulocyte-monocyte (CFU-GM) colonies and fewer erythroid (CFU-E and BFU-E) colonies, compared to HSC from normal samples (p<0.001). Similarly, CMP from UA patients, compared to normal CMP, yield skewed distributions of myeloid-erythroid colonies when plated in methylcellulose, significantly favoring production of CFU-GM colonies over CFU-E and BFU-E colonies (p<0.003). Additionally, MEP from UA patients form both CFU-E and BFU-E colonies in methylcellulose albeit at a significantly lower efficiency than MEP from normal bone marrow samples (p<0.01). This is the first study to examine the changes in hematopoietic stem and progenitor populations in UA patients. The changes in the distribution of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in UA patients indicate that the HSC and MPP populations, and possibly also the MEP population, expand in the context of anemia, potentially in response to homeostatic feedback mechanisms. Nevertheless, these expanded populations are functionally impaired in their ability to differentiate towards the erythroid lineage. Our data suggest that there are intrinsic defects in the HSC population of UA patients that lead to poor erythroid differentiation, which can be readily observed even in the earliest committed myelo-erythroid progenitors. We have generated gene expression profiling data from these purified hematopoietic stem and progenitor populations from UA patients to try to identify biological pathways and markers relevant to disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. Disclosures: Weissman: Amgen, Systemix, Stem cells Inc, Cellerant: Consultancy, Employment, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Schrier:Celgene: Research Funding.

scholarly journals Seating furniture for public interior (Creating of non-discriminatory interior for people with limitations and seniors)

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1725-1731
Author(s):  
Věra Kameníková
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
The Public ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
And Function ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Full Utilization

For optimal use and function in the public interior evaluation of seating furniture is important in terms of typology, ergonomics, safety, quality of design, used materials, ecology and other properties. The aim is to adjust the dimensional requirements of the seating furniture for public interior to meet the needs of the current population and reflect the proportional changes in the human body over the last decades.Due to the ageing of population and growing number of people with movement and physiological limitations (which also include the elderly), it will become, in near future, more topical need to modify the rules related to seating furniture that is used in public space. Particularly, in the term of simple and non-discriminatory sitting down and standing up.Proposal to change standards is based on the analysis of used values, the results of the current anthropometrical survey and addition of parameters that were processed by using ergonomic software.In most of the activities related to the seating there is an interaction with the surrounding furniture. Based on this assumption arise the importance of connection between seating furniture and reaching distance of the person sitting on it. Ranges are in the computer simulation divided according to intensity - static, dynamic and comfortable (with the preservation of the natural physiological limitations of joints). The resulting values of simulations can be defined distances suitable for placing objects near seating furniture to ensure the possibility of full utilization.If the principles are kept and they come from the needs of people with limitations, it is certain that the environment will suit all healthy individuals and at the same time it will be non-discriminatory for a greater proportion of people with physical limitations.

scholarly journals Sarcopenia Modifies the Associations of NAFLD With All-cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Among Elderly Individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingxing Sun ◽  
Zhelong Liu ◽  
Fuqiong Chen ◽  
Tingting Du
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background: The contribution of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality remains controversial. Sarcopenia, a measure of muscle mass and function, may identify which persons are most at risk for adverse effects of NAFLD. We aimed to test the hypothesis that sarcopenia modifies the associations between NAFLD and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Methods: A total of 2,446 elderly individuals (≥60 years) from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were enrolled. Their mortality data were linked to death certificates in the National Death Index. Sarcopenia was defined as having low skeletal muscle mass together with slow gait speed, which captures both muscle mass and muscle function. Ultrasound tests were used for the assessment of hepatic steatosis. Results: During follow-up (median 16.8 years), 1530 elderly subjects died from any cause, of which 379 were cardiovascular-related. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates were 4.31 and 1.07 per 100 person-years, respectively. In a multivariate model, using participants without NAFLD and sarcopenia as the reference group, individuals with both NAFLD and sarcopenia had 1.69 times (95% CI, 1.23-2.31) and 2.17 times (95% CI, 1.33-3.54) higher risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. However, NAFLD persons without sarcopenia had hazard ratios for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality similar to those of the reference group.Conclusions: Sarcopenia modified the associations of NAFLD with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Sarcopenia may identify elderly adults who are at the highest risk for adverse outcomes associated with NAFLD.

Techniques of Assessing Muscle Mass and Function (Sarcopenia) for Epidemiological Studies of the Elderly

1995 ◽  
Vol 50A (Special) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Evans ◽  
Wm. C. Chumlea ◽  
S. S. Guo ◽  
B. Vellas ◽  
Y. Guigoz
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals The Importance of Physical Activity in the Interaction of Motor and Cognitive Functions in Elderly People

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (118) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Vida Janina Česnaitienė ◽  
Zbigniew Ossowski ◽  
Diana Karanauskienė ◽  
Gabrielė Auškalnyte ◽  
Ema Grigėnaitytė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Significant Difference

Background. It is predicted that in 2060, the number of elderly people in Lithuania (62 and over years of age) will be 31.2% (Tamutienė & Naujanienė, 2013). The maintenance of stable posture requires particular attention because it gets more difficult to sustain it while doing multiple moves at the same time when you are getting older (Woo, Davids, Liukkonen, Chow, & Jaakkola, 2017). The aim of the study was to determine the importance of physical activity for the interplay of motor and cognitive functions in elderly people. Methods. Evaluation of static equilibrium by posturographic method, evaluation of cognitive functions, statistical analysis. Results. The results of the physically active and inactive research subjects were statistically significant (p = .043) in memory task with the eyes closed and in a simple position. A statistically significant difference in the sway velocity (Vsc) between the physical activity groups with eyes closed in simple position was also observed (p = .044). Double task with eyes closed resulted in worse balance performance. Conclusions. 1. Physical activity did not affect the motor function of the elderly. There were no differences between the physically active and inactive subjects in the assessed behavioral indices. 2. Physical activity did not affect the cognitive functions of the elderly. All elderly subjects were equally mistaken in their cognitive memory task. 3. The motor functions of the physically active elderly are controlled statistically significantly better when performing additional cognitive tasks than those of the physically inactive ones. Keywords: balance, elderly, physical activity.

scholarly journals Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 427-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Larsson ◽  
Hans Degens ◽  
Meishan Li ◽  
Leonardo Salviati ◽  
Young il Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Unit ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Neuromuscular Disorders ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
And Function ◽  
Qualitative Changes

Sarcopenia is a loss of muscle mass and function in the elderly that reduces mobility, diminishes quality of life, and can lead to fall-related injuries, which require costly hospitalization and extended rehabilitation. This review focuses on the aging-related structural changes and mechanisms at cellular and subcellular levels underlying changes in the individual motor unit: specifically, the perikaryon of the α-motoneuron, its neuromuscular junction(s), and the muscle fibers that it innervates. Loss of muscle mass with aging, which is largely due to the progressive loss of motoneurons, is associated with reduced muscle fiber number and size. Muscle function progressively declines because motoneuron loss is not adequately compensated by reinnervation of muscle fibers by the remaining motoneurons. At the intracellular level, key factors are qualitative changes in posttranslational modifications of muscle proteins and the loss of coordinated control between contractile, mitochondrial, and sarcoplasmic reticulum protein expression. Quantitative and qualitative changes in skeletal muscle during the process of aging also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acquired and hereditary neuromuscular disorders. In experimental models, specific intervention strategies have shown encouraging results on limiting deterioration of motor unit structure and function under conditions of impaired innervation. Translated to the clinic, if these or similar interventions, by saving muscle and improving mobility, could help alleviate sarcopenia in the elderly, there would be both great humanitarian benefits and large cost savings for health care systems.

scholarly journals FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW CONCERN ABOUT FALLING IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE OLDER PEOPLE

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Artur Rodrigues Fortunato ◽  
Eduardo Hauser ◽  
Eduardo Capeletto ◽  
Daniel Rogério Petreça ◽  
Deise Jaqueline Alves Faleiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Lower Limb Strength

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fear of falling is one of the main consequences of falls in the elderly; therefore, it is important to investigate the factors associated with the reduction of this fear. Objective: The objective of this study consisted of verifying the associated factors that best explain the low concern about falling in physically active older people. Methods: A total of 162 elderly people with a mean age of 69.95 (SD = 6.69) participated in the study. The diagnostic data sheet, the Falls Efficacy Scale-International, the Senior Fitness Test and anthropometric measurements were used to obtain data. Binary Logistic Regression was used in the data analysis to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The p <0.05 Omnibus Test was used to assess the quality of the adjusted model, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was applied to verify the explanatory power of the model. Results: In the crude analysis, normal weight elderly subjects (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.32-6.20) with good levels of lower limb strength (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.38-5.06), are more likely to have low fear of falling. In the adjusted analysis, the model was able to explain 75% of endpoint occurrence. Conclusion: It is concluded that among the variables analyzed, age, BMI and lower limb strength best explain the low concern about falling in the elderly. Level of Evidence III; Study of nonconsecutive patients; without consistently applied reference “gold” standard.

scholarly journals HAND2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ENHANCES NMJ ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION IN OLD MICE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S85-S85
Author(s):  
Anna Carolina Zaia Rodrigues ◽  
Henry J Bonilla ◽  
Maria Laura Messi ◽  
Zhong-Min Wang ◽  
Willard M Freeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Function ◽  
Old Mice

Abstract Over time, declining muscle force and power leads to mobility disability and impaired quality of life. In aging rodents and humans, a denervation and reinnervation process is strongly implicated in sarcopenia: the progressive decline of skeletal muscle mass, composition, and function. We propose that the concomitant decline in expression of Hand2, a key transcription factor (TF) for sympathetic neuron maintenance, induces motor pre- and postsynaptic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) instability and disorganization. To counter the deleterious effect of sympathetic denervation, we developed a novel viral vector (AAV9-Hand2-eGFP, Hand2) carrying Hand2 expression exclusively to sympathetic neurons. Male and female, 16-month-old mice, were examined for signs of muscle denervation and sarcopenia 6 months after IV injection with either Hand2 or control empty virus (AAV9-eGFP, EV). We found that Hand2 increased preterminal synaptic vesicle release, neurofilament phosphorylation (Neurite length: Hand2: 3732±496 µm, EV: 2674±165 µm; P &lt;0.01), NMJ pre/postterminal co-localization, hindlimb muscle mass (EDL: 25%, soleus: 14%, tibialis anterior: 17% and gastrocnemius: 25%; n = 6-8 muscles per treatment group; P &lt; 0.01), myofiber cross-sectional area, and protein kinase-A RIIα/RIα ratio (EV, RIIα:1.05±0.03, RIα:0.93±0.04, ratio: 1.13; Hand2, RIIα:1.81±0.03, RIα:0.94±0.03, ratio: 1.94; P&lt;0.001) which contributes to stability of the NMJ. We also examined Hand2 gene methylation, and RNA-sequencing, muscle metabolomics, and whole body and muscle function with aging in EV and Hand2 injected mice. Our data indicate that expression of Hand2 significantly enhances skeletal muscle adrenergic receptor signaling through the canonical pathway, and prevents in NMJ transmission, and muscle mass and function decline with aging.

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