scholarly journals Ethylene Oxide: Acute Four-Hour and One-Hour Inhalation Toxicity Testing in Rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Snellings ◽  
Donald J. Nachreiner ◽  
Lynn H. Pottenger
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Pulmonary Congestion ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Irregular Breathing

Ethylene oxide was tested on groups of rats for either 4-hour or 1-hour inhalation exposure, followed by 14 days of observation. Groups of five Sprague-Dawley rats/sex were exposed, and clinical signs and mortality were recorded. Clinical signs noted included irregular breathing, absence of certain reflexes, and tremors. Rats that died had moderate to severe pulmonary congestion. The calculated LC50values, reported as ppm by volume (with 95% confidence limits), were as follows. 4-hour LC50values were 1972 (1887 to 2061) ppm for males; 1537 (1391 to 1698) ppm for females; 1741 (1655 to 1831) ppm for the combined sexes. The 1-hour LC50values were 5748 (5276 to 6262) ppm for males; 4439 (4034 to 4884) ppm for females; 5029 (4634 to 5459) ppm for the combined sexes.

Toxicokinetic and Genotoxicity Study of NNK in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Following Nose-Only Inhalation Exposure, Intraperitoneal Injection, and Oral Gavage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Chieh Hu ◽  
Matthew S Bryant ◽  
Estatira Sepehr ◽  
Hyun-Ki Kang ◽  
Raul Trbojevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Lung ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
New Information ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Tissue Specimens

Abstract The tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone] is found in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. NNK is a potent genotoxin and human lung carcinogen; however, there are limited inhalation data for the toxicokinetics (TK) and genotoxicity of NNK in vivo. In the present study, a single dose of 5x10−5, 5x10−3, 0.1, or 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) of NNK, 75% propylene glycol (vehicle control), or air (sham control) was administered to male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (9-10 weeks age) via nose-only inhalation (INH) exposure for 1 hour. For comparison, the same doses of NNK were administered to male SD rats via intraperitoneal (IP) injection and oral gavage (PO). Plasma, urine, and tissue specimens were collected at designated timepoints and analyzed for levels of NNK and its major metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and tissue levels of DNA adduct O6-methylguanine by LC/MS/MS. TK data analysis was performed using a non-linear regression program. For the genotoxicity subgroup, tissues were collected at 3 hours post-dosing for comet assay analysis. Overall, the TK data indicated that NNK was rapidly absorbed and metabolized extensively to NNAL after NNK administration via the three routes. The IP route had the greatest systemic exposure to NNK. NNK metabolism to NNAL appeared to be more efficient via INH than IP or PO. NNK induced significant increases in DNA damage in multiple tissues via the three routes. The results of this study provide new information and understanding of the toxicokinetics and genotoxicity of NNK.

90-day nose-only inhalation toxicity study of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in Sprague-Dawley rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 112780
Author(s):  
Shu-Chieh Hu ◽  
Seonggi Min ◽  
Hyun-Ki Kang ◽  
Dong-Jin Yang ◽  
Mallikarjuna Basavarajappa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

scholarly journals Diagnosis of sialodacryoadenitis virus infection of rats in a virulent enzootic outbreak

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Carthew ◽  
R. P. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Breeding Colony ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Natural Outbreak

In a natural outbreak of sialodacryoadenitis virus it was observed that the incidence of clinical signs in spontaneous-hypertensive rats was 100%, and that these signs were of a severity not observed before in other strains of rats. Rats free of the virus were introduced so that the progress of the disease could be studied under natural conditions of spontaneous spread from the enzootically-affected breeding colony. The pathogenesis of the infection in these Sprague-Dawley rats has been recorded over a period of 10 days after their introduction to the colony, and the results of extensive serological screening have shown that the antibody response of the spontaneous-hypertensive rats to the virus is lower than in other strains of rat.

scholarly journals Toxicity associated with ingestion of a polyacrylic acid hydrogel dog pad

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 708-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Dorman ◽  
Melanie L. Foster ◽  
Brooke Olesnevich ◽  
Brad Bolon ◽  
Aude Castel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Polyacrylic Acid ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Acute Neurotoxicity ◽  
Disposable Diapers

Superabsorbent sodium polyacrylate polymeric hydrogels that retain large amounts of liquids are used in disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, and other applications. These polymers are generally considered “nontoxic” with acute oral median lethal doses (LD50) >5 g/kg. Despite this favorable toxicity profile, we identified a novel toxic syndrome in dogs and rats following the ingestion of a commercial dog pad composed primarily of a polyacrylic acid hydrogel. Inappropriate mentation, cerebellar ataxia, vomiting, and intention tremors were observed within 24 h after the ingestion of up to 15.7 g/kg of the hydrogel by an adult, castrated male Australian Shepherd mix. These observations prompted an experimental study in rats to further characterize the toxicity of the hydrogel. Adult, female Sprague Dawley rats ( n = 9) were assessed before and after hydrogel ingestion (2.6–19.2 g/kg over 4 h) using a functional observation battery and spontaneous motor activity. Clinical signs consistent with neurotoxicity emerged in rats as early as 2 h after the end of hydrogel exposure, including decreased activity in an open field, hunched posture, gait changes, reduced reaction to handling, decreased muscle tone, and abnormal surface righting. Hydrogel-exposed rats also had reduced motor activity when compared with pre-exposure baseline data. Rats that ingested the hydrogel did not develop nervous system lesions. These findings support the conclusion that some pet pad hydrogel products can induce acute neurotoxicity in animals under high-dose exposure conditions.

Subchronic Hepatotoxicity Evaluation of 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene in Sprague-Dawley Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darol E. Dodd ◽  
Linda J. Pluta ◽  
Mark A. Sochaski ◽  
Kathleen A. Funk ◽  
Russell S. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Significant Incidence ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Effect Level

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1,2,4-tribromobenzene (TBB) by gavage for 5 days, 2, 4, and 13 weeks at 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, or 75 mg/kg per d. There were no TBB exposure-related clinical signs of toxicity or changes in body weight. Liver weight increases were dose and exposure time related and statistically significant at ≥10 mg/kg per d. Incidence and severity of centrilobular cytoplasmic alteration and hepatocyte hypertrophy were dose and time related. The 75 mg/kg per d group had minimally increased mitoses within hepatocytes (5 days only). Hepatocyte vacuolation was observed (13 weeks) and was considered TBB exposure related at ≥25 mg/kg per d. Concentrations of blood TBB increased linearly with dose and at 13 weeks, ranged from 0.5 to 17 µg/mL (2.5-75 mg/kg per d). In conclusion, rats administered TBB doses of 10-75 mg/kg per d for 13 weeks had mild liver effects. A no observed adverse effect level of 5 mg/kg per d was selected based on the statistically significant incidence of hepatocyte hypertrophy at doses ≥10 mg/kg per d.

scholarly journals Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Lung Cells of Sprague Dawley Rats after 12 Weeks of Inhalation Exposure

Toxics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Cho ◽  
Jae Sung ◽  
Kyung Song ◽  
Jin Kim ◽  
Jun Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Acute Vapour Inhalation Toxicity of Acrolein and its Influence as a Trace Contaminant in 2-Methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ballantyne ◽  
D.E. Dodd ◽  
I.M. Pritts ◽  
D.J. Nachreiner ◽  
E.H. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Saturated Vapour ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Dynamic Methods ◽  
Trace Contaminant ◽  
Movement Assessment

1 The LC50 values for acrolein (AC) vapour to Sprague-Dawley rats (combined sexes) were determined to be 26 ppm (1 h) and 8.3 ppm (4 h). Signs of severe irritancy were present, and death was due to lung injury. 2 Exposure of rats to a 2-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (MDP) saturated vapour atmosphere statically generated from liquid MDP containing 0.037% AC, caused severe irritancy and death from accumulation of AC vapour. Sparging the impure material with nitrogen gas before atmosphere generation significantly reduced or abolished lethal toxicity. 3 Dynamically generated MDP vapour atmosphere produced transient respiratory and occular irritancy, but no mortalities. The intrinsic acute vapour inhalation toxicity of MDP is low. 4 The presence of highly volatile toxic impurities in a material may confer a significant acute inhalation toxicity and hazard under conditions of low air movement. Assessment of potential inhalation hazards from liquid mixtures may require investigation by static and dynamic methods for vapour generation.

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