scholarly journals Ghrelin, Appetite Regulation, and Food Reward: Interaction with Chronic Stress

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Diz-Chaves
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Appetite Regulation ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Factor System ◽  
Developed World

Obesity has become one of the leading causes of illness and mortality in the developed world. Preclinical and clinical data provide compelling evidence for ghrelin as a relevant regulator of appetite, food intake, and energy homeostasis. In addition, ghrelin has recently emerged as one of the major contributing factors to reward-driven feeding that can override the state of satiation. The corticotropin-releasing-factor system is also directly implicated in the regulation of energy balance and may participate in the pathophysiology of obesity and eating disorders. This paper focuses on the role of ghrelin in the regulation of appetite, on its possible role as a hedonic signal involved in food reward, and on its interaction with the corticotropin-releasing-factor system and chronic stress.

scholarly journals The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1331-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
C S Byrne ◽  
E S Chambers ◽  
D J Morrison ◽  
G Frost
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Appetite Regulation ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Sucrose self-administration and CNS activation in the rat

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (4) ◽  
pp. R876-R884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne P. Figlewicz ◽  
Jennifer L. Bennett-Jay ◽  
Sepideh Kittleson ◽  
Alfred J. Sipols ◽  
Aryana Zavosh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Progressive Ratio ◽  
Stria Terminalis ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Bed Nucleus ◽  
Medial Hypothalamus ◽  
Fos Expression

We have previously reported that administration of insulin into the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus decreases motivation for sucrose, assessed by a self-administration task, in rats. Because the pattern of central nervous system (CNS) activation in association with sucrose self-administration has not been evaluated, in the present study, we measured expression of c-Fos as an index of neuronal activation. We trained rats to bar-press for sucrose, according to a fixed-ratio (FR) or progressive-ratio (PR) schedule and mapped expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the CNS, compared with c-Fos expression in handled controls. We observed a unique expression of c-Fos in the medial hypothalamus (the arcuate, paraventricular, retrochiasmatic, dorsomedial, and ventromedial nuclei) in association with the onset of PR performance, and expression of c-Fos in the lateral hypothalamus and the bed nucleus of stria terminalis in association with the onset of FR performance. c-Fos expression was increased in the nucleus accumbens of both FR and PR rats. Our study emphasizes the importance of both hypothalamic energy homeostasis circuitry and limbic circuitry in the performance of a food reward task. Given the role of the medial hypothalamus in regulation of energy balance, our study suggests that this circuitry may contribute to reward regulation within the larger context of energy homeostasis.

scholarly journals The Role of Endocrine Disruptors on Metabolic Dysfunction

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo Pestana ◽  
Diana Teixeira ◽  
Carla Sá ◽  
Luísa Correia-Sá ◽  
Valentina F. Domingues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

Abdominal obesity appears to be an important component of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), in which along with insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidaemia represents an increased risk for developing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aetiology of obesity and its comorbidities is multifactorial, but despite the evidence of traditional contributing factors, the role of environmental toxicants with endocrine disrupting activity has been recently highlighted. Indeed, even small concentrations of these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have the ability to cause severe health damages. In this revision, we focused our attention on the mechanisms of action and impact of EDCs exposure as a contributor to the present epidemics of obesity and MetS.The "environmental obesogens" hypothesis associates environmental EDCs to the disruption of energy homeostasis, with recent studies demonstrating the ability of these compounds to modulate the adipocyte biology. On the other hand, the distinct distribution pattern observed between two metabolically distinct AT depots (visceral and subcutaneous) and subsequent repercussion in the aggravation of metabolic dysfunction in a context of obesity, provides accumulating evidence to hypothesise that EDCs might have an important “environmental dysmetabolism” effect.However, in addition to adulthood exposure, the perinatal effects are very important, since it may allow a change in the metabolic programming, promoting the further development of obesity and MetS. Therefore, additional research directed at understanding the nature and action of EDCs will illuminate the connection between health and the environment and the possible effects triggered by these compounds in respect to public health.

scholarly journals The Controversial Role of Adiponectin in Appetite Regulation of Animals

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3387
Author(s):  
Ni Tang ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Defang Chen ◽  
Zhiqiong Li
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Appetite Regulation ◽  
Adiponectin Concentration ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Regulation Function

Eating disorders and obesity are important health problems with a widespread global epidemic. Adiponectin (AdipoQ), the most abundant adipokine in the plasma, plays important roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. Plasma adiponectin concentration is negatively associated with obesity and binge eating disorder. There is a growing interest in the appetite regulation function of adiponectin. However, the effect of AdipoQ on feeding behavior is controversial and closely related to nutritional status and food composition. In this review, we summarize the literatures about the discovery, structure, tissue distribution, receptors and regulation of nutritional status, and focus on the biological function of adiponectin in the regulation of food intake in the central and peripheral system.

scholarly journals Bursting firing in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons exerts dual control of anxiety-like behavior and energy expenditure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Shao ◽  
Dashuang Gao ◽  
Yunhui Liu ◽  
Shanping Chen ◽  
Nian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Ventromedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Burst Firing ◽  
Dual Control ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Elevated Expression

AbstractExposure to chronic stress induces anxiety-like behavior and metabolic changes in animals, resulting in adaptive or maladaptive responses to the stressful environment. Recent studies have indicated the dorsomedial ventromedial hypothalamus (dmVMH) as an important hub that regulates both anxiety and energy homeostasis. However, up to now, how dmVMH neurons exert dual control of chronic stress-induced anxiety and energy expenditure remains poorly understood. Here, we established a chronic-stress mouse model that induced anxiety-like behavior, reduced food consumption, and decreased energy expenditure. We found that c-fos expression increased and theta band power is higher in the dmVMH after chronic stress, and the proportion of burst firing neurons significantly increased, which was mediated by elevated expression of T-type calcium channel Cav 3.1. Optogenetically evoked burst firing of dmVMH neurons induced anxiety-like behavior, shifted the respiratory exchange ratio toward fat oxidation, and decreased food intake, while knockdown of Cav3.1 in the dmVMH had the opposite effects. Collectively, our study first revealed an important role of dmVMH burst firing in the dual regulation of anxiety-like behavior and energy expenditure, and identified Cav 3.1 as a crucial regulator of the activity of the burst firing neurons in dmVMH. These molecular and cellular level findings will advance our understanding of the chronic stress-induced emotional malfunction and energy expenditure disorders.

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