scholarly journals Sodicity and Salinity Hazards in Water Flow Processes in the Soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (s1) ◽  
pp. S474-S480
Author(s):  
R. P. Dhok ◽  
A. S. Patil ◽  
V. S. Ghole
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Groundwater Environment ◽  
Period Data ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
Basin Area ◽  
Very High

Groundwater is one of the natural resource with the potential for domestic, agricultural and industrial consumption. This paper presents the results of the distribution of salinity characteristics (electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio) of groundwater and based on the results, the evaluation of the sodicity and salinity hazards or in the processes if such groundwater is used for such purposes has been restrictive. This is because of the salinization of aquifers generated by rock salt present below the aquifers. The issue was studied for the groundwater environment in the Karha river basin area, Baramati, Pune, (M.S.) India, for the period of September 2009 to August 2010. The measured data were presented in the form of graphical attachments. The average annual values of the electrical conductivity of groundwater ranged from 490 to 8920 µS/cm in the examined period. Data obtained from analysis signifies the salinity of groundwater in study area is high to very high salinity and can’t be used for crops in a soil with restricted drainage but it can be used under very special circumstances. The sodium adsorption ratio values indicate low, medium to high sodium salinization of the groundwater.

Growth and Mineral Nutrition in Salt Stressed Guava ( Psidium guajava L.) cv . Allahabad Safeda

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ANSHUMAN SINGH ◽  
ASHWANI KUMAR ◽  
R.K. YADAV ◽  
ASHIM DUTTA ◽  
D.K. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Experimental Soil

Guav a cv . Allahabad Safeda w as grown in saline soils and irrigated with the best av ailable w ater -1 -1 + -1 (EC 2.8 dS m ). Based on chemical composition (pH- 7.1, EC - 2.8 dS m , Na - 20.04 meq l and IW IW sodium adsorption ratio- 4.86), irrigation w ater w as categorized as marginally saline. The soil pH 2 -1 w as mostly below 8.5 but mean electrical conductivity (EC ) v alues ranged from 0.5-2 dS m 2 indicating moderate to high salinity in the experimental soil. After one-y ear of experimentation, fiv e plants randomly selected from each treatment and the data w ere recorded. Plant height -1 -1 significantly increased (LSD 5%) with increase in salinity from 0.5 dS m to 1.4 dS m . A similar -1 trend w as noted with respect to stem girth. The av erage plant height at 0.5, 0.9 and 1.4 dS m salinity lev els w as 98.3 cm, 108.3 cm and 123 cm, respectiv ely whereas the corresponding stem girth v alues -1 w ere 2.24 cm, 2.28 cm and 2.46 cm. At 2 dS m salinity ,how ev er , both av erage plant height (94.6 cm) and stem girth (2.24 cm) significantly decreased and w ere found to be comparable to control (0.5 dS -1 + -1 m ) v alues. Plants show ed negligible Na accumulation in leav es up to 1.4 dS m salinity , but -1 + exposure to elev ated salinity (2 dS m ) significantly increased leaf Na (0.16% DW). These data -1 indicated a salinity tolerance (EC )threshold of about 1.5 dS m inguav a cultiv ar Allahabad Safeda.

scholarly journals Mapeamento de risco de sodificação de solos em microbacia hidrográfica no Rio Grande do Sul

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Thiago Boeno Patricio Luiz ◽  
José Luiz Silvério da Silva ◽  
Thomas Schröder ◽  
Leônidas Luiz Volcato Descovi Filho
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Very High ◽  
Different Parts

<p>Atualmente,<strong> </strong>o uso de águas subterrâneas para fins de irrigação tem se tornado uma constante em muitas bacias hidrográficas brasileiras. Contudo, a utilização de águas com alto teor de sódio pode trazer uma série de prejuízos para os solos agrícolas, especialmente aos mais argilosos e com drenagem deficiente. A pesquisa objetivou avaliar o risco de sodificação dos solos da microbacia hidrográfica do Lajeado Erval Novo com a introdução de águas subterrâneas para atividades de irrigação. Para tanto, aplicou-se um modelo quali-quantitativo para cruzar informações das concentrações salinas da água subterrânea de 14 poços tubulares localizados na região com características geomorfológicas da microbacia. Para avaliação do teor de sódio das águas subterrâneas utilizou-se o índice de Relação de Adsorção de Sódio (RAS) como indicador da porcentagem de sódio contido em água que pode ser adsorvido pelo solo. Esse indicador aliado ao mapeamento em Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) das características de declividade e tipo de solo forneceram um diagnóstico do risco de salinização do solo em diferentes partes da microbacia. Como resultado, evidenciou-se o elevado risco de sodificação na porção sul da microbacia ao utilizar águas para irrigação classificadas com índice RAS alto (&gt;18) e muito alto (&gt;26). Estudos desta natureza visam contribuir para o levantamento de informações de interesse para a realização de práticas mais sustentáveis na agricultura, objetivando o uso dos recursos hídricos na região, servindo de contribuição para as políticas públicas do setor.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em>Sodification risk mapping of soils in micro watershed in Rio Grande do Sul</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>Currently, the use of groundwater for irrigation purposes has become a constant in many brazilian watershed. However, the use of water with high sodium content can bring a lot of damage to agricultural soils, especially the clay soils and with poor drainage. The research aimed to evaluate the sodification risk of Lajeado Erval Novo watershed with the introduction of groundwater for irrigation activities. Therefore, was applied a quali-quantitative model to crosscheck the salts concentration information of groundwater from 14 wells located in the region with geomorphological characteristics of the basin. To evaluate the sodium content of groundwater was used the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) index as an indicator of the percentage of sodium content in water which can be adsorbed by soil. These indicators combined with mapping Geographic Information System (GIS) of slope characteristics and soil type provided an assessment of the risk of soil salinization in different parts of the basin. As a result, it was evidenced the high risk sodification in southern portion using water for irrigation classified with high SAR index (&gt;18) and very high (&gt;26). Studies of this nature aim to contribute to collection information of interest to achievement of more sustainable practices in agriculture, aiming the strategic use of water resources in the region, serving as a contribution to public sector policies.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Effect of Shatt Al-Arab Salinity on the Groundwater of Al-Fao and Al-Siba in Southern Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1E) ◽  
pp. 114-122
Author(s):  
Shahad Abdul-Hameed ◽  
Amal Jabbar Hatem
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Karun River ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Extent Of Damage ◽  
Southern Iraq ◽  
Very High

This study was conducted to estimate the extent of damage to the population in Basra, southern Iraq, specifically the areas adjacent to the Shatt al-Arab and the Arabian Gulf, which are the Al-Fao district and the Al-Siba region. They are affected by the progression of saline water resulting from the lack of water imports and the Karun River interruption, which led to high concentrations of salts in the Shatt Al-Arabs. Consequently, its effect on lands and all life types in these areas requires correcting a map of the study area to drop the groundwater sites as well as calculate the total dissolved salts, electrical conductivity and pH. This study concluded that the groundwater contains very high percentages of total dissolved solids (2880–10415 mg/l) and electrical conductivity (4450–14190 µs/cm). As it has very high salinity, so it is not suitable for drinking, irrigation, or industry. The values of the pH values (7.1-7.5) indicate that it is a light alkaline.

On the Quality and Some Ecological Effects of Wastewater Effluents from Two Chemical Industrial Plants in Pakistan

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Hamid Sheikh ◽  
Saeed Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Polluted Waters ◽  
Very High ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

Four samples of water were taken for analysis from Kala Shah Kaku Industrial Estate, near Lahore, Pakistan. These were:I) ‘Pure’ water of the channel Dek Nullah,II) Wastewater of Ravi Rayon Limited,III) Wastewater of Ittehad Chemicals, andIV) Dek Nullah ‘polluted’ water after the discharge into it of wastewater from two industries, namely Ravi Rayon Limited and Ittehad Chemicals.The analysis of these waters showed that sample I was the best in quality (medium-salinity and low-sodium water: C2-S1), sample II was of the quality class C3-S1 (high-salinity and low-sodium water), sample III was found to be of the poorest quality (very-high-salinity and very-high-sodium water: C4-S4), while sample IV was of relatively bad quality (high-salinity and mediumsodium water: C3-S2). Only the wastewater of Ittehad Chemicals had some sediment in it, the qualitative analysis of which showed the presence of oxalates, sodium, iron, and magnesium.The study of planktonic biota in Dek Nullah ‘pure’ and ‘polluted’ waters showed that they were more diverse in the former than in the latter; indeed, unless Bacteria are classed as fauna, there was no representative of these last in the ‘polluted’ water.The industrial wastewater effluents are being discharged into Dek Nullah, and this ‘polluted’ water is being used for irrigation by the farmers operating along its downstream course. The effects of this water on Rice germination were studied, and it was found that such germination was significantly greater in Dek Nullah ‘pure’ water than in its ‘polluted’ water.Dek Nullah ‘polluted’ water may deteriorate further with time, as more and more wastes are added to it, and it may have deleterious effects on soils when used for irrigation purposes—causing salinity and sodicity problems unless proper management techniques are adopted.

scholarly journals Salinity and sodicity hazard in water flow processes in the soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Burger ◽  
A. Čelková
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Kriging Interpolation Method ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
High Hazard

This paper presents the results of the distribution of salinity characteristics (electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio) of groundwater, and based on the results, it reports the evaluation of the salinity and sodicity hazards in the fluctuation processes of shallow mineralised groundwater, or in the processes if such groundwater is used for irrigation. The issue was studied for the soil-water environment in the south-east of the Danube Lowlands for the period 1991 to 1994. The measured data and data taken from archives were processed in the form of graphical attachments (appendixes, supplements, graphical documentation) &ndash; maps, by means of the kriging interpolation method. Groundwater in the area in question is classified as highly mineralised with a&nbsp;high hazard of salinisation of the subsurface soil environment. The average annual values of the electrical conductivity of groundwater ranged from 600 to 2100 &micro;S/cm in the examined period. The sodium adsorption ratio values ranged from 1.7 to 22.0 and indicate low, medium to high sodium salinisation of the environment due to groundwater. The distribution of electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio on the regional scale can serve as a&nbsp;reference basis for the evaluation of changes in the groundwater salinity after 1994.

ROLE OF ADDED PHOSPHOGYPSUM AND HUMIC ACIDS IN THE KINETIC RELEASE OF SALT FROM SALT AFFECTED SOIL (SALINE – SODIC)

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Salt Affected Soil ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Dissolved Ions ◽  
Kinetic Release

In order to study the effect of phosphogypsum and humic acids in the kinetic release of salt from salt-affected soil, a laboratory experiment was conducted in which columns made from solid polyethylene were 60.0 cm high and 7.1 cm in diameter. The columns were filled with soil so that the depth of the soil was 30 cm inside the column, the experiment included two factors, the first factor was phosphogypsum and was added at levels 0, 5, 10 and 15 tons ha-1 and the second-factor humic acids were added at levels 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 by mixing them with the first 5 cm of column soil and one repeater per treatment. The continuous leaching method was used by using an electrolytic well water 2.72 dS m-1. Collect the leachate daily and continue the leaching process until the arrival of the electrical conductivity of the filtration of leaching up to 3-5 dS m-1. The electrical conductivity and the concentration of positive dissolved ions (Ca, Mg, Na) were estimated in leachate and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated. The results showed that the best equation for describing release kinetics of the salts and sodium adsorption ratio in soil over time is the diffusion equation. Increasing the level of addition of phosphogypsum and humic acids increased the constant release velocity (K) of salts and the sodium adsorption ratio. The interaction between phosphogypsum and humic acids was also affected by the constant release velocity of salts and the sodium adsorption ratio. The constant release velocity (K) of the salts and the sodium adsorption ratio at any level of addition of phosphogypsum increased with the addition of humic acids. The highest salts release rate was 216.57 in PG3HA3, while the lowest rate was 149.48 in PG0HA0. The highest release rate of sodium adsorption ratio was 206.09 in PG3HA3, while the lowest rate was 117.23 in PG0HA0.

SATELLITE DATA FOR INVESTIGATION OF RECENT STATE AND PROCESSES IN THE SIVASH BAY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Shchurova ◽  
Ekaterina Shchurova ◽  
Rimma Stanichnaya ◽  
Rimma Stanichnaya ◽  
Sergey Stanichny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Azov Sea ◽  
Seasonal Wind ◽  
Ice Regime ◽  
Very High

Sivash bay is the shallow-water lagoon of the Azov Sea. Restricted water exchange and high evaporation form Sivash as the basin with very high salinity. This factor leads to different from the Azov Sea thermal and ice regimes of Sivash. Maine aim of the study presented to investigate recent state and changes of the characteristics and processes in the basin using satellite data. Landsat scanners TM, ETM+, OLI, TIRS together with MODIS and AVHRR were used. Additionally NOMADS NOAA and MERRA meteorological data were analyzed. The next topics are discussed in the work: 1. Changes of the sea surface temperature, ice regime and relation with salinity. 2. Coastal line transformation – long term and seasonal, wind impact. 3. Manifestation of the Azov waters intrusions through the Arabat spit, preferable wind conditions.

scholarly journals Performance of Hydroponically Cultivated Geranium and Common Verbena under Salinity and High Electrical Conductivity Levels

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1237
Author(s):  
Antonios Chrysargyris ◽  
Spyridon A. Petropoulos ◽  
Dejan Prvulovic ◽  
Nikolaos Tzortzakis
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Total Flavonoid ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity

Abiotic factors in nutrient solutions (NSs), such as salinity and high electrical conductivity (EC), may adversely alter plant growth and crop performance. However, there are medicinal/aromatic plants which can not only withstand these adverse conditions, but which can also increase their productivity or even enhance their quality in such conditions. As fresh water sources suitable for irrigation are becoming more and more limited, the use of low-quality water sources and hydroponic growing systems have been suggested as the main alternatives. Towards that direction, this study aims to evaluate the effect of high EC levels in NSs on geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér.) and common verbena (Verbena officinallis L.) plants cultivated in a soilless (perlite) hydroponics system. Plants were irrigated with a full nutrient solution of EC 2.1 dS m−1 and pH 5.8 until they reached a uniform size. Then, three treatments were applied, namely: (a) a control treatment with an EC of 2.1 dS m−1 in the NS, (b) a high-salinity NS created by adding 75 mM of NaCl (EC under 8.5 dS m−1) and (c) a concentrated NS with an EC of 8.5 dS m−1. In pelargonium, high salinity decreased the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents; antioxidant capacity; N, K, Mg and P content; as well as chlorophyll fluorescence, compared to the control treatment. On the other hand, increased salinity levels increased the Na and Ca content and stomatal resistance. In common verbena, salinity decreased total phenolic content and chlorophyll fluorescence but increased total flavonoid content; antioxidants; leaf K, P, Na, Cu and Zn content; and stomatal resistance, compared to the control. In both species, high EC did not affect polyphenols, flavonoids or antioxidants, whereas it increased stomatal resistance and nutrient accumulation in the leaves, and decreased chlorophyll fluorescence compared to the control treatment. Damage indices, indicated by lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide production and the elevation of enzymes’ antioxidant activities, were evidenced in both saline- and high-EC-treated plants. In conclusion, despite having the same EC levels in the nutrient solution, it seems that ionic stress caused by high mineral concentrations in the nutrient solution had less severe effects on the tested plants than the relevant osmotic stress caused by high salinity due to the addition of NaCl in the nutrient solution.

scholarly journals Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones Using GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques: A Case Study Upper Coruh River Basin (NE Turkey)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Ümit Yıldırım
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Density ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Groundwater Potential Zones ◽  
Topographic Wetness Index ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Çoruh River Basin ◽  
Basin Area ◽  
Very High

In this study, geographic information system (GIS)-based, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques were used to identify groundwater potential zones to provide insight to decisionmakers and local authorities for present and future planning. Ten different geo-environmental factors, such as slope, topographic wetness index, geomorphology, drainage density, lithology, lineament density, rainfall, soil type, soil thickness, and land-use classes were selected as the decision criteria, and related GIS tools were used for creating, analysing and standardising the layers. The final groundwater potential zones map was delineated, using the weighted linear combination (WLC) aggregation method. The map was spatially classified into very high potential, high potential, moderate potential, low potential, and very low potential. The results showed that 21.5% of the basin area is characterised by high to very high groundwater potential. In comparison, the very low to low groundwater potential occupies 57.15%, and the moderate groundwater potential covers 21.4% of the basin area. Finally, the GWPZs map was investigated to validate the model, using discharges and depth to groundwater data related to 22 wells scattered over the basin. The validation results showed that GWPZs classes strongly overlap with the well discharges and groundwater depth located in the given area.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document