scholarly journals Genetics of Childhood Obesity

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zhao ◽  
Struan F. A. Grant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

Obesity is a major health problem and an immense economic burden on the health care systems both in the United States and the rest of the world. The prevalence of obesity in children and adults in the United States has increased dramatically over the past decade. Besides environmental factors, genetic factors are known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed strongly associated genomic variants associated with most common disorders; indeed there is general consensus on these findings from generally positive replication outcomes by independent groups. To date, there have been only a few GWAS-related reports for childhood obesity specifically, with studies primarily uncovering loci in the adult setting instead. It is clear that a number of loci previously reported from GWAS analyses of adult BMI and/or obesity also play a role in childhood obesity.

Genome-wide association study reveals genetic variants associated with HIV-1C infection in a Botswana study population

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (47) ◽  
pp. e2107830118
Author(s):  
Andrey K. Shevchenko ◽  
Daria V. Zhernakova ◽  
Sergey V. Malov ◽  
Alexey Komissarov ◽  
Sofia M. Kolchanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Gene Association ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Aids Progression ◽  
Hiv Aids

Although there have been many studies of gene variant association with different stages of HIV/AIDS progression in United States and European cohorts, few gene-association studies have assessed genic determinants in sub-Saharan African populations, which have the highest density of HIV infections worldwide. We carried out genome-wide association studies on 766 study participants at risk for HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) infection in Botswana. Three gene associations (AP3B1, PTPRA, and NEO1) were shown to have significant association with HIV-1C acquisition. Each gene association was replicated within Botswana or in the United States–African American or United States–European American AIDS cohorts or in both. Each associated gene has a prior reported influence on HIV/AIDS pathogenesis. Thirteen previously discovered AIDS restriction genes were further replicated in the Botswana cohorts, extending our confidence in these prior AIDS restriction gene reports. This work presents an early step toward the identification of genetic variants associated with and affecting HIV acquisition or AIDS progression in the understudied HIV-1C afflicted Botswana population.

Genome-Wide Association Studies: Back to the Future

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Lock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control Samples

This chapter examines findings from the newly developed technology of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) being applied to the investigation of Alzheimer disease (AD), primarily in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. These linked research projects make use of many thousands of DNA samples procured from individuals diagnosed with AD, which are then assessed using high-speed throughput technology and compared with control samples, in an attempt to find out what combinations of genes put individuals at increased risk. To date, these enormously expensive projects have provided few if any startling new insights, and many researchers are highly skeptical as to their value. However, others believe that GWAS is a first step toward a more sophisticated way of understanding the interrelated pathways of the numerous genes that appear to be implicated in AD.

Continental Divide? The Attitudes of US and Canadian Oncologists on the Costs, Cost-Effectiveness, and Health Policies Associated With New Cancer Drugs

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (27) ◽  
pp. 4149-4153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Berry ◽  
Chaim M. Bell ◽  
Peter A. Ubel ◽  
William K. Evans ◽  
Eric Nadler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Costs ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Cancer Drugs ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Effective Treatments

Purpose Oncologists in the United States and Canada work in different health care systems, but physicians in both countries face challenges posed by the rising costs of cancer drugs. We compared their attitudes regarding the costs and cost-effectiveness of medications and related health policy. Methods Survey responses of a random sample of 1,355 United States and 238 Canadian medical oncologists (all outside of Québec) were compared. Results Response rate was 59%. More US oncologists (67% v 52%; P < .001) favor access to effective treatments regardless of cost, while more Canadians favor access to effective treatments only if they are cost-effective (75% v 58%; P < .001). Most (84% US, 80% Canadian) oncologists state that patient out-of-pocket costs influence their treatment recommendations, but less than half the respondents always or frequently discuss the costs of treatments with their patients. The majority of oncologists favor more use of cost-effectiveness data in coverage decisions (80% US, 69% Canadian; P = .004), but fewer than half the oncologists in both countries feel well equipped to use cost-effectiveness information. Majorities of oncologists favor government price controls (57% US, 68% Canadian; P = .01), but less than half favor more cost-sharing by patients (29% US, 41% Canadian; P = .004). Oncologists in both countries prefer to have physicians and nonprofit agencies determine whether drugs provide good value. Conclusion Oncologists in the United States and Canada generally have similar attitudes regarding cancer drug costs, cost-effectiveness, and associated policies, despite practicing in different health care systems. The results support providing education to help oncologists in both countries use cost-effectiveness information and discuss drug costs with their patients.

scholarly journals Characterizing the mechanism behind the progression of NAFLD to hepatocellular carcinoma

2020 ◽  
pp. HEP36
Author(s):  
Pierre Nahon ◽  
Manon Allaire ◽  
Jean-Charles Nault ◽  
Valérie Paradis
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) individuals presents substantial clinical and biological characteristics, which remain to be elucidated. Its occurrence in noncirrhotic patients raises issues regarding surveillance strategies, which cannot be considered as cost-effective given the high prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome, and furthermore delineates specific oncogenic process that could be targeted in the setting of primary or secondary prevention. In this context, the identification of a genetic heterogeneity modulating HCC risk as well as specific biological pathways have been made possible through genome-wide association studies, development of animal models and in-depth analyses of human samples at the pathological and genomic levels. These advances must be confirmed and pursued to pave the way for personalized management of NAFLD-related HCC.

scholarly journals Orthopedic Problems in Overweight and Obese Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 05-07
Author(s):  
GL Di Gennaro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Artery Disease

According to the data published by Haslam and James, about 10% of the world populations aged up to 18 areoverweight or obese [1]. In Europe, there are about 20% children with excessive body mass, 5% of whom sufferfrom obesity [2,3]. Childhood obesity is an ongoing epidemic in the United States [4,5]. The most recent data fromthe US indicate that 16.9% of children and adolescents are obese, defined as a body mass index (BMI) for age >95thpercentile [6,7] and there is evidence that the prevalence of obesity among children will reach 30% by 2030 [8].Childhood obesity is a risk factor for greater morbidity later in life, including diabetes, coronary artery disease andincreased mortality [4,5,9,10].

Abstract P140: The Association of Common Genetic Loci with Childhood Obesity in 1,612 Hispanic/Latino Children and Adolescents From Across the United States and Mexico

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Fernández-Rhodes ◽  
Mariaelisa Graff ◽  
Jonathan Bradfield ◽  
Yujie Wang ◽  
Esteban J Parra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Risk Allele ◽  
The United States ◽  
Latino Children ◽  
European Descent ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Hispanic Latinos

Childhood obesity is a global health concern due to its potential to increase cardiometabolic risk across the life course. In the United States (US) the burden of childhood obesity is highest among Hispanic/Latinos, in particular children or adolescents of Mexican descent. Although the genetic epidemiology of childhood obesity has been studied previously, the potential for novel childhood obesity loci in Hispanic/Latinos and the generalizability of previously reported loci to Hispanic/Latino children and adolescents are still unknown. Thus we aimed to conduct a genome-wide association study of childhood obesity in 1,612 Hispanic/Latino children and adolescents (2-18 years) collected as part of one Mexican (n=794 Mexico City Study) and two US (n=362 Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; n=456 Viva La Familia Study) studies, and to generalize 11 previously reported childhood obesity loci from European descent samples to our Hispanic/Latino samples. Obesity cases and controls were defined by BMI-for-age percentiles based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention smoothed and sex-specific growth curves from 2000, wherein cases had percentiles ≥95 th and controls had percentiles ≤85 th . Each study performed a genome-wide logistic regression analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) after adjusting for sex, population stratification and relatedness, as applicable. We combined study results for SNPs >10 minor allele counts and imputation quality ≥0.5 using fixed-effect inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis. A priori, we estimated that in our sample (n effective =1,498) we would have >80% power to detect common SNPs (>15% minor allele frequency) across the genome (p<5x10 -8 ) that increase the odds of childhood obesity of 55% per risk allele. Generalizability at 11 known childhood obesity loci was defined as p<0.05 and directional consistency with the previously reported obesity-increasing allele. We found 5 suggestive childhood obesity loci (p<4x10 -6 ), including a SNP that associated with an increased odds of childhood obesity of 54% per risk allele (73% frequent) at ARHGAP21, which is expressed in an enhancer region in brain, muscle and adipose tissues and has been previously implicated with trunk fat mass in Viva la Familia at another SNP (r 2 <0.08). Of the 11 known childhood obesity loci, 9 were directionally consistent (binomial p=0.03). SEC16B and TMEM18 generalized to Hispanic/Latinos (p≤0.01), corresponding to a 27% and 40% increased odds of obesity per risk allele (22-88% frequency). These preliminary results suggest the presence of novel loci for childhood obesity and the generalizability of genetic loci discovered in samples of European descent to Hispanic/Latinos, albeit with stronger effect sizes. Future work will attempt to identify additional Hispanic/Latino obesity cases and controls to replicate the suggestive associations.

Abstract 439: Trajectory Analysis of Left Ventricular Dimensions From Biobank Data Uncovers Novel Genetic Associations

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tess Pottinger ◽  
Megan J Puckelwartz ◽  
Lorenzo L Pesce ◽  
Anthony Gacita ◽  
Isabella Salamone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Regulatory Regions ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Over Time

Background: Approximately 6 million adults in the United States have heart failure. The progression of heart failure is variable arising from differences in sex, age, genetic background including ancestry, and medication response. Many population-based genetic studies of heart failure have been cross-sectional in nature, failing to gain additional power from longitudinal analyses. As heart failure is known to change over time, using longitudinal data trajectories as a quantitative trait will increase power in genome wide association studies (GWAS). Methods: We used the electronic health record in a racially and ethnically diverse medical biobank from a single, metropolitan US center. We used whole genome data from 896 unrelated participants analyzed, including 494 who had at least 1 electrocardiogram and 324 who had more than 1 echocardiogram (average of 3 observations per person). A mixture model based semiparametric latent growth curve model was used to cluster outcome measures used for genome-wide analyses. Results: GWAS on the trajectory probability of QTc interval identified significant associations with variants in regulatory regions proximal to the WLS gene, which encodes Wntless, a Wnt ligand secretion mediator. WLS was previously associated with QTc and myocardial infarction, thus confirming the power of the method. GWAS on the trajectory probability of left ventricular diameter (LVIDd) identified significant associations with variants in regulatory regions near MYO10 , which encodes unconventional Myosin-10. MYO10 was previously associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: This is the first study to show an association with variants in or near MYO10 and left ventricular dimension changes over time. Further, we found that using trajectory probabilities can provide increased power to find novel associations with longitudinal data. This reduces the need for larger cohorts, and increases yield from smaller, well-phenotyped cohorts, such as those found in biobanks. This approach should be useful in the study of rare diseases and underrepresented populations.

Governing Integrated Health Delivery Systems: Meeting Accountability Requirements

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Leatt ◽  
Sandra G. Leggatt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Target Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Health Delivery ◽  
Integrated Health ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Health Delivery Systems

Many Canadian provincial governments are exploring methods to increase the integration of health services in an effort to improve the care provided, while maintaining or reducing the costs. Integrated health delivery systems are being implemented in the United States, Britain and other European countries. Such systems aim to provide a full continuum of care to a defined target population under a financing system of capitation. This article explores the issues associated with the governance accountabilities of an IDS. A review of potential governance models is completed, and the factors that influence the choice of a governance model for an integrated delivery system are presented. In 1987, Ewell identified governing boards as the weakest link in the integrated health care systems of the United States. It is suggested that early attention to governance in the development of IDS models in Canada may improve the effectiveness of these systems.

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