scholarly journals Influence of Tree Age and Variety on Allometric Characteristics and Water Use of Mangifera indica L. Growing in Plantation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Oguntunde ◽  
Johnson T. Fasinmirin ◽  
Nick van de Giesen
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Old Trees

Data on water relations and growth characteristics of mango trees needed for productive plantation management are currently lacking in West Africa. Relationships between allometric properties and water use in mango trees were examined. In addition, the effects on allometric characteristics and xylem sap flow were investigated in a mixed varieties plantation. Tree age explained more than 92% of the variation in stem diameter, over 96% of the variation in height, over 92% of the variation in crown diameter, and more than 97% of the variation in leaf area index of the 60 mango trees sampled. Water use increased from 1.01 kg d-1 to 156.7 kg d-1 from the 2- to the 33-year-old trees for a typical bright day. Sap flow was highly correlated with age under different sky conditions. A power function relating daily sap flow to age yielded an r2 of 0.98 for bright days and 0.87 when combined with rainy day data. The water use and growth parameters of the three cultivars were generally not significantly different. This paper has implications for mango productivity and for orchard water management in potentially dry areas of West Africa.

scholarly journals Estimation of Crop Growth Parameters Using UAV-Based Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huilin Tao ◽  
Haikuan Feng ◽  
Liangji Xu ◽  
Mengke Miao ◽  
Huiling Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Red Edge ◽  
Highly Correlated

Above-ground biomass (AGB) and the leaf area index (LAI) are important indicators for the assessment of crop growth, and are therefore important for agricultural management. Although improvements have been made in the monitoring of crop growth parameters using ground- and satellite-based sensors, the application of these technologies is limited by imaging difficulties, complex data processing, and low spatial resolution. Therefore, this study evaluated the use of hyperspectral indices, red-edge parameters, and their combination to estimate and map the distributions of AGB and LAI for various growth stages of winter wheat. A hyperspectral sensor mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle was used to obtain vegetation indices and red-edge parameters, and stepwise regression (SWR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) methods were used to accurately estimate the AGB and LAI based on these vegetation indices, red-edge parameters, and their combination. The results show that: (i) most of the studied vegetation indices and red-edge parameters are significantly highly correlated with AGB and LAI; (ii) overall, the correlations between vegetation indices and AGB and LAI, respectively, are stronger than those between red-edge parameters and AGB and LAI, respectively; (iii) Compared with the estimations using only vegetation indices or red-edge parameters, the estimation of AGB and LAI using a combination of vegetation indices and red-edge parameters is more accurate; and (iv) The estimations of AGB and LAI obtained using the PLSR method are superior to those obtained using the SWR method. Therefore, combining vegetation indices with red-edge parameters and using the PLSR method can improve the estimation of AGB and LAI.

Radial variations in xylem sap flow and their effect on whole-tree water use estimates

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (24) ◽  
pp. 4993-5002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Guo Zhang ◽  
Qiu-Yue He ◽  
Wei-Yu Shi ◽  
Kyoichi Otsuki ◽  
Norikazu Yamanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Tree Water Use ◽  
Xylem Sap Flow ◽  
Whole Tree

Evaluating the potential of a novel dual heat-pulse sensor to measure volumetric water use in grapevines under a range of flow conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle R. Pearsall ◽  
Larry E. Williams ◽  
Sean Castorani ◽  
Tim M. Bleby ◽  
Andrew J. McElrone
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Weighing Lysimeter

The aim of this study was to validate a novel, dual sap-flow sensor that combines two heat-pulse techniques in a single set of sensor probes to measure volumetric water use over the full range of sap flows found in grapevines. The heat ratio method (HRM), which works well at measuring low and reverse flows, was combined with the compensation heat-pulse method (CHPM) that captures moderate to high flows. Sap-flow measurements were performed on Vitis vinifera L. (cvv. Thompson seedless, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon) grapevines growing in a greenhouse and in three different vineyards, one of which contained a field weighing lysimeter. The combined heat-pulse techniques closely tracked diurnal grapevine water use determined through lysimetry in two growing seasons, and this was true even at very high flow rates (>6 L vine–1 h–1 for Thompson seedless vines in the weighing lysimeter). Measurements made with the HRM technique under low flow conditions were highly correlated (R2 ~ 0.90) with those calculated using the compensated average gradient method that is used to resolve low flow with the CHPM method. Volumetric water use determined with the dual heat-pulse sensors was highly correlated with hourly lysimeter water use in both years (R2 = 0.92 and 0.94 in 2008 and 2009 respectively), but the nature of the relationship was inconsistent among replicate sensors. Similar results were obtained when comparing grapevine water use determined from sap-flow sensors to miniaturised weighing lysimetry of 2-year-old potted vines and to meteorological estimates for field-grown vines in two additional vineyards. The robust nature of all of the correlations demonstrates that the dual heat-pulse sensors can be used to effectively track relative changes in plant water use, but variability of flow around stems makes it difficult to accurately convert to sap-flow volumes.

Regulation of canopy conductance and transpiration and their modelling in irrigated grapevines

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lu ◽  
Isa A. M. Yunusa ◽  
Rob R. Walker ◽  
Warren J. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Xylem Sap Flow ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Monteith Equation

Whole-vine transpiration was estimated for well-watered nine-year-old Sultana grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana) from xylem sap flow measured with Granier's heat-dissipation probes. Canopy conductance of the grapevine was calculated by inverting the Penman–Monteith equation. Transpiration from grapevine canopies was strongly controlled by the canopy conductance. Canopy conductance decreased exponentially with increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD) except in the morning when solar radiation was less than 200 W m–2 and the canopy conductance was predominantly limited by the solar radiation. A non-linear model of canopy conductance as a function of the solar radiation and VPD explained > 90% of the variation observed in canopy conductance. Under contrasting VPD conditions (daytime maximum of 3 kPa vs 8 kPa), grapevines were able to regulate their canopy conductance from 0.006 to 0.001 m s–1 to maintain a near constant transpiration. Whole-canopy transpiration calculated from modelled canopy conductance using the Penman–Monteith equation was highly correlated with the measured transpiration (sap flow) values over the range of 0–0.20 mm h–1 (R2 > 0.85). Cross-validation shows that these mechanistic models based on solar radiation and VPD provide good predictions of canopy conductance and transpiration under the conditions of the study.

scholarly journals Radial variations in xylem sap flux in a temperate red pine plantation forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alanna V. Bodo ◽  
M. Altaf Arain
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Sap Flux ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
Sap Flux Density ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Sapwood Area

Abstract Background Scaling sap flux measurements to whole-tree water use or stand-level transpiration is often done using measurements conducted at a single point in the sapwood of the tree and has the potential to cause significant errors. Previous studies have shown that much of this uncertainty is related to (i) measurement of sapwood area and (ii) variations in sap flow at different depths within the tree sapwood. Results This study measured sap flux density at three depth intervals in the sapwood of 88-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa) trees to more accurately estimate water-use at the tree- and stand-level in a plantation forest near Lake Erie in Southern Ontario, Canada. Results showed that most of the water transport (65%) occurred in the outermost sapwood, while only 26% and 9% of water was transported in the middle and innermost depths of sapwood, respectively. Conclusions These results suggest that failing to consider radial variations in sap flux density within trees can lead to an overestimation of transpiration by as much as 81%, which may cause large uncertainties in water budgets at the ecosystem and catchment scale. This study will help to improve our understanding of water use dynamics and reduce uncertainties in sap flow measurements in the temperate pine forest ecosystems in the Great Lakes region and help in protecting these forests in the face of climate change.

Xylem sap flow, growth and flower production of cultivated Geraldton wax with different vigour under semi-arid conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
K Akilan ◽  
JA Considine ◽  
JK Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Semi Arid

Diurnal and seasonal water use and the effects of different levels of irrigation on growth and flower production were studied using commercially cultivated Geraldton wax (Chamelaucium uncinatum Schauer cv. Purple Pride) under semi-arid conditions. Water use and growth responses to increased irrigation differed widely with vigour. Vigorous plants had extensive root systems and used more water than less vigorous plants whether irrigated or unirrigated and responded to increased irrigation by producing more shoots, secondary stems and flowers. In vigorous plants, marketable stem length and flower number were increased from 63 to 89 cm and 61 to 226 when irrigation was increased from 25 to 75% of pan replacement respectively. Less vigorous plants had distorted root systems (i.e. curling and circling) and showed no significant growth response to increased irrigation. Increase of stem length to a desirable length of 90 cm in less vigorous plants, which are wide-spread in commercial plantings, was unlikely. The results highlight the significance of good propagation and establishment techniques to aid vigorous growth. The sap flow study shows that Geraldton wax is a high water using species. A single plant can use in excess of 20 L per day under high evaporative demand when root growth is not limiting.

Interference and Water Use of Biotypes Differing in Sensitivity to MSMA

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 830-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Raisuddin Akanda ◽  
Robert H. Walker ◽  
Glenn Wehtje
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Stem Flow

Biotypes of common cocklebur were identified, which were assumed to differ only with respect to sensitivity to MSMA. Water use of these biotypes when grown as isolated plants in a growth chamber was determined with stem flow gauges. The MSMA-tolerant biotype exhibited less whole-plant sap flow at media moisture levels above 17%. Furthermore, only in the tolerant biotype did sap flow differ between the upper and lower canopy; the upper canopy had greater sap flow. Field experiments were conducted to compare growth parameters, water use and competitive ability toward cotton of the MSMA-sensitive and -tolerant biotypes. Sensitive biotype plants were taller and had greater leaf area than those of the tolerant biotype; dry weight was equivalent. The tolerant biotype used less water and reduced seed cotton yield more than the sensitive biotype.

Competitive attributes ofA. sativa, T. aestivum, andH. vulgareare conserved in no-till cropping systems

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Légère ◽  
Yuguang Bai
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Area Index ◽  
No Till ◽  
Lower Test

The robustness of competitive attributes of cereals such as rapid and uniform seedling emergence, tillering, early biomass accumulation and canopy closure, and height advantage over weeds have not yet been tested under environmental conditions typical of no-till (NT) cropping systems. Our objective was to evaluate the effects or NT practices on growth and productivity ofAvena sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, and associated weeds. The experiment was conducted on a Kamouraska clay at La Pocatière, QC, in 1994, 1995, and 1996.Avena sativa, T. aestivum, andH. vulgarewere grown under tilled and NT practices. Cereal growth parameters were measured six (1994) or seven (1995) times between planting and the 11th week after planting but only once in 1996. Grain yields and yield components were determined at crop maturity.Avena sativaandH. vulgarepopulations were little affected by tillage, whereasT. aestivumpopulations were reduced by 16 to 20% in NT systems. Growth in height in NT systems was either similar or greater than in tilled systems in all three cereals. Cereal leaf area index (LAI) and biomass accumulation was also comparable between tillage systems, except forT. aestivumLAI in 1994, which was greater in tilled plots on two sampling dates. Response of annual dicots to tillage was inconsistent in all crops. Annual monocots dominated in some but not all NT systems. Perennial dicots dominated in NT systems, whereas perennial monocots were more abundant in tilled systems in all three cereals.Avena sativaandT. aestivumyields in NT plots were comparable or greater than in tilled plots, in spite of having either lower test weights (A. sativa) or lower 1,000-grain weights (T. aestivum). NTT. aestivumproductivity was maintained in spite of reduced plant establishment.Hordeum vulgareyields were also similar across tillage systems, except in 1995, when yields in tilled plots were greater than in NT plots. The height advantage observed for NTH. vulgaredid not result in improved yields. All three cereals, and particularlyA. sativa, appeared well suited to NT systems, despite the pressure provided by different weed groups, compared to tilled systems. However, results suggest that NT production of cereals could benefit from improved attention to perennial dicot control and crop seedling establishment, particularly forT. aestivum.

scholarly journals Optimizing Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency Based on the Relationship between Leaf Area Index and Evapotranspiration

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Guoqiang Zhang ◽  
Bo Ming ◽  
Dongping Shen ◽  
Ruizhi Xie ◽  
Peng Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Achieving optimal balance between maize yield and water use efficiency is an important challenge for irrigation maize production in arid areas. In this study, we conducted an experiment in Xinjiang China in 2016 and 2017 to quantify the response of maize yield and water use to plant density and irrigation schedules. The treatments included four irrigation levels: 360 (W1), 480 (W2), 600 (W3), and 720 mm (W4), and five plant densities: 7.5 (D1), 9.0 (D2), 10.5 (D3), 12.0 (D4), and 13.5 plants m−2 (D5). The results showed that increasing the plant density and the irrigation level could both significantly increase the leaf area index (LAI). However, LAI expansion significantly increased evapotranspiration (ETa) under irrigation. The combination of irrigation level 600 mm (W3) and plant density 12.0 plants m−2 (D4) produced the highest maize yield (21.0–21.2 t ha−1), ETa (784.1–797.8 mm), and water use efficiency (WUE) (2.64–2.70 kg m−3), with an LAI of 8.5–8.7 at the silking stage. The relationship between LAI and grain yield and evapotranspiration were quantified, and, based on this, the relationship between water use and maize productivity was analyzed. Moreover, the optimal LAI was established to determine the reasonable irrigation level and coordinate the relationship between the increase in grain yield and the decrease in water use efficiency.

scholarly journals Light Quality Affects Water Use of Sweet Basil by Changing Its Stomatal Development

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Sungeun Lim ◽  
Jongyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Stomatal Responses

Different light qualities affect plant growth and physiological responses, including stomatal openings. However, most researchers have focused on stomatal responses to red and blue light only, and the direct measurement of evapotranspiration has not been examined. Therefore, we quantified the evapotranspiration of sweet basil under various red (R), green (G), and blue (B) combinations using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and investigated its stomatal responses. Seedlings were subjected to five different spectral treatments for two weeks at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 200 µmol m−2 s−1. The ratios of the RGB light intensities were as follows: R 100% (R100), R:G = 75:25 (R75G25), R:B = 75:25 (R75B25), R:G:B = 60:20:20 (R60G20B20), and R:G:B = 31:42:27 (R31G42B27). During the experiment, the evapotranspiration of the plants was measured using load cells. Although there were no significant differences in growth parameters among the treatments, the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were higher in plants grown under blue LEDs (R75B25, R60G20B20, and R31G42B27) than in the R100 treatment. The amount of water used was different among the treatments (663.5, 726.5, 728.7, 778.0, and 782.1 mL for the R100, R75G25, R60G20B20, R75B25, and R31G42B27 treatments, respectively). The stomatal density was correlated with the blue light intensity (p = 0.0024) and with the combined intensity of green and blue light (p = 0.0029); therefore, green light was considered to promote the stomatal development of plants together with blue light. Overall, different light qualities affected the water use of plants by regulating stomatal conductance, including changes in stomatal density.

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