scholarly journals Novel Insights into the Role of Caveolin-2 in Cell- and Tissue-Specific Signaling and Function

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Sowa
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Type ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
And Function

Caveolin-2 is one of the major protein components of cholesterol- and glycosphingolipid-rich flask-shaped invaginations of plasma membrane caveolae. A new body of evidence suggests that caveolin-2 plays an important, and often more direct, role than caveolin-1 in regulating signaling and function in a cell- and tissue type-specific manner. The purpose of this paper is to primarily focus on discussing how these recent discoveries may help better understand the specific contribution of caveolin-2 to lipid raft- and caveolae-regulated cell/tissue-specific signaling and functions.

scholarly journals Cell and tissue type independent age-associated DNA methylation changes are not rare but common

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyu Zhu ◽  
Shijie C Zheng ◽  
Dirk S. Paul ◽  
S. Horvath ◽  
Andrew E. Teschendorff
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
A Cell ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Do So

AbstractAge-associated DNA methylation changes have been widely reported across many different tissue and cell types. Epigenetic ‘clocks’ that can predict chronological age with a surprisingly high degree of accuracy appear to do so independently of tissue and cell-type, suggesting that a component of epigenetic drift is cell-type independent. However, the relative amount of age-associated DNAm changes that are specific to a cell or tissue type versus the amount that occurs independently of cell or tissue type is unclear and a matter of debate, with a recent study concluding that most epigenetic drift is tissue-specific. Here, we perform a novel comprehensive statistical analysis, including matched multi cell-type and multi-tissue DNA methylation profiles from the same individuals and adjusting for cell-type heterogeneity, demonstrating that a substantial amount of epigenetic drift, possibly over 70%, is shared between significant numbers of different tissue/cell types. We further show that ELOVL2 is not unique and that many other CpG sites, some mapping to genes in the Wnt and glutamate receptor signaling pathways, are altered with age across at least 10 different cell/tissue types. We propose that while most age-associated DNAm changes are shared between cell-types that the putative functional effect is likely to be tissue-specific.

CD38 as an immunomodulator in cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (34) ◽  
pp. 2853-2861
Author(s):  
Yanli Li ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
Limo Chen ◽  
Sufang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Transmembrane Glycoprotein ◽  
Cell Activation Marker ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Function ◽  
Human Molecule

CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is widely expressed in a variety of human tissues and cells, especially those in the immune system. CD38 protein was previously considered as a cell activation marker, and today monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38 have witnessed great achievements in multiple myeloma and promoted researchers to conduct research on other tumors. In this review, we provide a wide-ranging review of the biology and function of the human molecule outside the field of myeloma. We focus mainly on current research findings to summarize and update the findings gathered from diverse areas of study. Based on these findings, we attempt to extend the role of CD38 in the context of therapy of solid tumors and expand the role of the molecule from a simple marker to an immunomodulator.

scholarly journals Syntaxin 1A Gene Is Negatively Regulated in a Cell/Tissue Specific Manner by YY1 Transcription Factor, Which Binds to the −183 to −137 Promoter Region Together with Gene Silencing Factors Including Histone Deacetylase

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Takahiro Nakayama ◽  
Toshiyuki Fukutomi ◽  
Yasuo Terao ◽  
Kimio Akagawa
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Syntaxin 1A ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
A Cell

The HPC-1/syntaxin 1A (Stx1a) gene, which is involved in synaptic transmission and neurodevelopmental disorders, is a TATA-less gene with several transcription start sites. It is activated by the binding of Sp1 and acetylated histone H3 to the −204 to +2 core promoter region (CPR) in neuronal cell/tissue. Furthermore, it is depressed by the association of class 1 histone deacetylases (HDACs) to Stx1a–CPR in non-neuronal cell/tissue. To further clarify the factors characterizing Stx1a gene silencing in non-neuronal cell/tissue not expressing Stx1a, we attempted to identify the promoter region forming DNA–protein complex only in non-neuronal cells. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that the −183 to −137 OL2 promoter region forms DNA–protein complex only in non-neuronal fetal rat skin keratinocyte (FRSK) cells which do not express Stx1a. Furthermore, the Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) transcription factor binds to the −183 to −137 promoter region of Stx1a in FRSK cells, as shown by competitive EMSA and supershift assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that YY1 in vivo associates to Stx1a–CPR in cell/tissue not expressing Stx1a and that trichostatin A treatment in FRSK cells decreases the high-level association of YY1 to Stx1a-CPR in default. Reporter assay indicated that YY1 negatively regulates Stx1a transcription. Finally, mass spectrometry analysis showed that gene silencing factors, including HDAC1, associate onto the −183 to −137 promoter region together with YY1. The current study is the first to report that Stx1a transcription is negatively regulated in a cell/tissue-specific manner by YY1 transcription factor, which binds to the −183 to −137 promoter region together with gene silencing factors, including HDAC.

scholarly journals The Intricate Role of p53 in Adipocyte Differentiation and Function

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Yun Kyung Lee ◽  
Yu Seong Chung ◽  
Ji Hye Lee ◽  
Jin Mi Chun ◽  
Jun Hong Park
Keyword(s):  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
And Function

For more than three decades, numerous studies have demonstrated the function of p53 in cell cycle, cellular senescence, autophagy, apoptosis, and metabolism. Among diverse functions, the essential role of p53 is to maintain cellular homeostatic response to stress by regulating proliferation and apoptosis. Recently, adipocytes have been studied with increasing intensity owing to the increased prevalence of metabolic diseases posing a serious public health concern and because metabolic dysfunction can directly induce tumorigenesis. The prevalence of metabolic diseases has steadily increased worldwide, and a growing interest in these diseases has led to the focus on the role of p53 in metabolism and adipocyte differentiation with or without metabolic stress. However, our collective understanding of the direct role of p53 in adipocyte differentiation and function remains insufficient. Therefore, this review focuses on the newly discovered roles of p53 in adipocyte differentiation and function.

scholarly journals Functional Aspects of Seminal Plasma in Bird Reproduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5664
Author(s):  
Julian Santiago-Moreno ◽  
Elisabeth Blesbois
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Reproductive Techniques ◽  
Sperm Survival ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
And Function

This review provides an updated overview of the seminal plasma composition, and the role of metabolic and protein components on the sperm function of avian species. In addition, the implication of seminal plasma on assisted reproductive techniques of birds was discussed. The semen of birds usually has exceptionally high sperm concentration with relatively little seminal plasma, but this contributes to very fast changes in sperm metabolism and function. The biochemical characteristics and physiological roles of the various seminal plasma components in birds (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, hormones, and proteins) are poorly understood. Seminal plasma content of proteins has an action on most cellular functions: metabolism, immunity, oxido-reduction regulation, proteolysis, apoptosis, ion homeostasis, and antimicrobial defenses. The variable amount of many proteins is related to a different fertility capacity of poultry sperm. The role of seminal plasma on semen conservation (chilling and freezing) remains largely a matter of speculation, as both inhibitory and stimulating effects have been found. Whereas the presence of seminal plasma did not seem to affect the sperm survival after freezing–thawing, DNA fragmentation is lower in the absence of seminal plasma. The molecular basis of the influence of seminal plasma on sperm cryo-resistance was also discussed in the present review.

scholarly journals Perspectives on the Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of Expression and Function of the Estrogen Receptor

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2162
Author(s):  
Mohammad Taheri ◽  
Hamed Shoorei ◽  
Marcel E. Dinger ◽  
Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Estrogen Regulation ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Function ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Estrogen receptors (ERs) comprise several nuclear and membrane-bound receptors with different tissue-specific functions. ERα and ERβ are two nuclear members of this family, whereas G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), ER-X, and Gq-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (Gq-mER) are membrane-bound G protein-coupled proteins. ERα participates in the development and function of several body organs such as the reproductive system, brain, heart and musculoskeletal systems. ERβ has a highly tissue-specific expression pattern, particularly in the female reproductive system, and exerts tumor-suppressive roles in some tissues. Recent studies have revealed functional links between both nuclear and membrane-bound ERs and non-coding RNAs. Several oncogenic lncRNAs and miRNAs have been shown to exert their effects through the modulation of the expression of ERs. Moreover, treatment with estradiol has been shown to alter the malignant behavior of cancer cells through functional axes composed of non-coding RNAs and ERs. The interaction between ERs and non-coding RNAs has functional relevance in several human pathologies associated with estrogen regulation, such as cancers, intervertebral disc degeneration, coronary heart disease and diabetes. In the current review, we summarize scientific literature on the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs on ER-associated signaling and related disorders.

scholarly journals MiR-146a in Immunity and Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Rusca ◽  
Silvia Monticelli
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Different Types ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Function

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules able to influence all aspects of the biology of a cell. They have been associated with diseases such as cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases, and in recent years, they also emerged as important regulators of immune responses. MiR-146a in particular is rapidly gaining importance as a modulator of differentiation and function of cells of the innate as well as adaptive immunity. Given its importance in regulating key cellular functions, it is not surprising that miR-146a expression was also found dysregulated in different types of tumors. In this paper, we summarize recent progress in understanding the role of miR-146a in innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as in disease.

scholarly journals Programmed Cell Death-1 Receptor (PD-1)-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Mallett ◽  
Arian Laurence ◽  
Shoba Amarnath
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Innate Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Cell Surface Receptor ◽  
Programmed Cell Death 1 ◽  
Surface Receptor ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Function

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a cell surface receptor that dampens adaptive immune responses. PD-1 is activated by the engagement of its ligands PDL-1 or PDL-2. This results in the inhibition of T cell proliferation, differentiation, cytokine secretion, and cytolytic function. Although a great deal is known about PD-1 mediated regulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, its expression and function in innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are yet to be fully deciphered. This review summarizes the role of PD-1 in (1) modulating ILC development, (2) ILC function, and (3) PD-1 signaling in ILC. Finally, we explore how PD-1 based immunotherapies may be beneficial in boosting ILC responses in cancer, infections, and other immune-related disorders.

Caveolin-1 and caveolin-3 form heterooligomeric complexes in atrial cardiac myocytes that are required for doxorubicin-induced apoptosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (1) ◽  
pp. H392-H401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Volonte ◽  
Charles F. McTiernan ◽  
Marek Drab ◽  
Michael Kasper ◽  
Ferruccio Galbiati
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Myocytes ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Rat Cardiac Myocytes

Caveolae are 50- to 100-nm invaginations of the plasma membrane. Caveolins are the structural protein components of caveolar membranes. The caveolin gene family is composed of three members: caveolin-1, caveolin-2, and caveolin-3. Caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 are coexpressed in many cell types, including adipocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. In contrast, caveolin-3 expression is essentially restricted to skeletal and smooth muscle cells as well as cardiac myocytes. While the interaction between caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 has been documented previously, the reciprocal interaction between endogenous caveolin-1 and caveolin-3 and their functional role in cell types expressing both isoforms have yet to be identified. Here we demonstrate for the first time that caveolin-1 and caveolin-3 are coexpressed in mouse and rat cardiac myocytes of the atria but not ventricles. We also found that caveolin-1 and caveolin-3 can interact and form heterooligomeric complexes in this cell type. Doxorubicin is an effective anticancer agent, but its use is limited by the possible development of cardiotoxicity. Using caveolin-1- and caveolin-3-null mice, we show that both caveolin-1 and caveolin-3 expression are required for doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in the atria through activation of caspase 3. Together, these results bring new insight into the functional role of caveolae and suggest that caveolin-1/caveolin-3 heterooligomeric complexes may play a key role in chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in the atria.

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