scholarly journals Tuberculosis Immunity: Opportunities from Studies with Cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ray Waters ◽  
Mitchell V. Palmer ◽  
Tyler C. Thacker ◽  
William C. Davis ◽  
Srinand Sreevatsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Testing ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Antimycobacterial Activity ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Multinucleate Giant Cell ◽  
Testing Procedures

Mycobacterium tuberculosisandM. bovisshare >99% genetic identity and induce similar host responses and disease profiles upon infection. There is a rich history of codiscovery in the development of control measures applicable to both human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) including skin-testing procedures,M. bovisBCG vaccination, and interferon-γ release assays. The calf TB infection model offers several opportunities to further our understanding of TB immunopathogenesis. Recent observations include correlation of central memory immune responses with TB vaccine efficacy, association of SIRPα+cells in ESAT-6:CFP10-elicited multinucleate giant cell formation, early γδ T cell responses to TB, antimycobacterial activity of memory CD4+T cells via granulysin production, association of specific antibody with antigen burden, and suppression of innate immune gene expression in infected animals. Partnerships teaming researchers with veterinary and medical perspectives will continue to provide mutual benefit to TB research in man and animals.

scholarly journals Immunologic Pathways in Protective versus Maladaptive Host Responses to Attenuated and Pathogenic Strains ofMycoplasma gallisepticum

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Beaudet ◽  
Edan R. Tulman ◽  
Katherine Pflaum ◽  
Jessica A. Canter ◽  
Lawrence K. Silbart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mucosal Tissues ◽  
Rapid Clearance ◽  
Pathogen Clearance ◽  
Host Genes

ABSTRACTMycoplasmas are small bacterial commensals or pathogens that commonly colonize host mucosal tissues and avoid rapid clearance, in part by stimulating inflammatory, immunopathogenic responses. We previously characterized a wide array of transcriptomic perturbations in avian host tracheal mucosae infected with virulent, immunopathologicMycoplasma gallisepticum; however, mechanisms delineating these from protective responses, such as those induced upon vaccination, have not been thoroughly explored. In this study, host transcriptomic responses to two experimentalM. gallisepticumvaccines were assessed during the first 2 days of infection. Relative to virulent infection, host metabolic and immune gene responses to both vaccines were greatly decreased, including early innate immune responses critical to disease development and subsequent adaptive immunity. These data specify host genes and potential mechanisms contributing to maladaptive versus beneficial host responses—information critical for design of vaccines efficacious in both limiting inflammation and enabling pathogen clearance.

Host responses of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus with lymphocystis cell formation

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shogo Iwakiri ◽  
Jun-Young Song ◽  
Kei Nakayama ◽  
Myung-Joo Oh ◽  
Minoru Ishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paralichthys Olivaceus ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Japanese Flounder ◽  
Host Responses

ON THE DYNAMICS MALARIA-DYSENTERY CO-INFECTION MODEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (02) ◽  
pp. 453-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAZEEM OARE OKOSUN
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Existence And Stability ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, a mathematical model for malaria-dysentery co-infection was formulated in order to study and examine its dynamic relationship in the presence of malaria and dysentery preventive and treatment measures. First, analysis of the single infection steady states was done and then the basic reproduction number was obtained. Furthermore, investigation into the existence and stability of equilibria carried out. The single infection models were found to exhibit the possibility of backward bifurcation. Thereafter, the impact of malaria on the dynamics of dysentery is further investigated. Second, incorporating time-dependent controls, using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, the necessary conditions for the optimal control of the disease was derived. It is found that malaria infection may be associated with an increased risk of dysentery. Also, that dysentery infection may be associated with an increased risk for malaria. Therefore, to effectively control malaria, the malaria intervention strategies by policy makers must at the same time it also includes effective prevention and control measures for dysentery. Policy makers should take efforts on preventive strategies in combating dysentery and malaria.

scholarly journals Autoerythrocyte Sensitization A Form of Purpura Producing Painful Bruising Following Autosensitization to Red Blood Cells in Certain Women

Blood ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 675-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK H. GARDNER ◽  
LOUIS K. DIAMOND
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
Abnormal Tissue

Abstract Four patients with purpura who manifested an unusual response to bruising were studied. This response was characterized by the development of an area of painful ecchymosis at the site of trauma followed by progressive erythema and edema. This unusual tissue response was seen only in women. The various features of the cases suggested an autosensitization by the patients to their own blood. Special studies utilizing skin testing procedures indicated an abnormal tissue response of sensitivity to red blood cells. The factor responsible was present in the red cell stroma and was not associated with the hemoglobin. The clinical manifestations and possible therapy are discussed. This syndrome may represent another example of autosensitization such as has been speculated for lupus erythematosus, some forms of acquired hemolytic anemia and of thrombocytopenic purpura, and for an increasing number of disease states.

scholarly journals The Proinflammatory Response Induced by Wild-Type Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection Inhibits Survival of yop Mutants in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Peyer's Patches

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1516-1527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren K. Logsdon ◽  
Joan Mecsas
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Infection Models ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Single-strain infections and coinfections are frequently used to assess roles of virulence factors in infected tissues. After oral inoculation of mice, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis yopE and yopH mutants colonize the intestines and Peyer's patches in single-strain infections but fail to persist in competition with wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis, indicating that these two infection models provide different insights into the roles of Yops. To determine how wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis hinders yop mutant survival, yop mutant colonization and host responses were investigated in several different infection models that isolated specific features of wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis infection. Infection with wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis caused significantly more inflammation than yop mutants. Results from coinfections of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)−/− mice revealed that IFN-γ-regulated defenses target these mutants, suggesting that YopE and YopH protect Y. pseudotuberculosis from these defenses in BALB/c mice. We developed an oral-intraperitoneal infection model to evaluate the effects of spleen and liver colonization by Y. pseudotuberculosis on yop mutants in the intestines. Spleen and liver infection increased inflammation and decreased yop mutant survival in the intestines, indicating that infection of these organs has consequences in intestinal tissues. Finally, competition infections with Y. pseudotuberculosis mutants with various abilities to induce inflammation demonstrated that survival of the yopE, but not the yopH, mutant was consistently decreased in inflamed tissues. In summary, infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis in intestinal and systemic sites induces intestinal inflammation, which decreases yop mutant survival. Thus, competition studies with wild-type yersiniae reveal critical roles of Yops in combating host responses to a normal virulent infection.

scholarly journals The Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin FurinA Regulates Zebrafish Host Response against Mycobacterium marinum

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1431-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus J. T. Ojanen ◽  
Hannu Turpeinen ◽  
Zuzet M. Cordova ◽  
Milka M. Hammarén ◽  
Sanna-Kaisa E. Harjula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Function ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Mycobacterium Marinum ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Proprotein Convertase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Th Cell

Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease with a complex pathogenesis. An effective immunity againstMycobacterium tuberculosisrequires both the innate and adaptive immune responses, including proper T helper (Th) type 1 cell function. FURIN is a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin (PCSK) enzyme, which is highly expressed in Th1 type cells.FURINexpression in T cells is essential for maintaining peripheral immune tolerance, but its role in the innate immunity and infections has remained elusive. Here, we utilizedMycobacterium marinuminfection models in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to investigate howfurinregulates host responses against mycobacteria. In steady-statefurinAtd204e/+fish reducedfurinAmRNA levels associated with low granulocyte counts and elevated Th cell transcription factor expressions. Silencingfuringenes reduced the survival ofM. marinum-infected zebrafish embryos. A mycobacterial infection upregulatedfurinAin adult zebrafish, and infectedfurinAtd204e/+mutants exhibited a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by elevatedtumor necrosis factor a(tnfa),lymphotoxin alpha(lta) andinterleukin 17a/f3(il17a/f3) expression levels. The enhanced innate immune response in thefurinAtd204e/+mutants correlated with a significantly decreased bacterial burden in a chronicM. marinuminfection model. Our data show that upregulatedfurinAexpression can serve as a marker for mycobacterial disease, since it inhibits early host responses and consequently promotes bacterial growth in a chronic infection.

Comparison of a whole blood interferon-γ assay with tuberculin skin testing for the detection of tuberculosis infection in hospitalized children in rural India

2007 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Dogra ◽  
Pratibha Narang ◽  
Deepak K. Mendiratta ◽  
Pushpa Chaturvedi ◽  
Arthur L. Reingold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Hospitalized Children

scholarly journals Clinical Application of Interferon-γ Release Assays for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in Countries with Low Incidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Lange ◽  
Anna M. Mandalakas ◽  
Barbara Kalsdorf ◽  
Claudia M. Denkinger ◽  
Martina Sester
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
World Health ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Health Organization

Despite global efforts to control tuberculosis (TB) the estimated number of people who developed TB worldwide increased to an all-time record of more than 10 million in 2015. The goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce the global incidence of TB to less than 100 cases per million by 2035, cannot be reached unless TB prevention is markedly improved. There is a need for an improved vaccine that better protects individuals who are exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis from infection and active disease compared to the current M. bovis Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine. In the absence of such a vaccine, prevention relies on infection control measures and preventive chemotherapy for people with latent infection with M. tuberculosis (LTBI), who have the highest risk of progression to active TB. During the past decade, interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) have increasingly replaced the tuberculin skin test as screening tools for the diagnosis of LTBI in countries with a low incidence of TB. Despite recent WHO guidelines on the management of LTBI, the definition of groups at risk for TB remains controversial, and the role of IGRAs for TB prevention in low-incidence countries remains uncertain. We reviewed the scientific literature and provide recommendations for the use of IGRAs for LTBI diagnosis in low-incidence countries. These recommendations are based on the number of patients needing treatment in order to prevent one case of TB. As the positive predictive value of IGRAs for the development of TB is sub-optimal, research must focus on the identification of alternative biomarkers that offer better predictive ability in order to substantially reduce the number needing treatment while improving the prevention of TB and improving the effectiveness of targeted preventive chemotherapy.

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