scholarly journals Venom of the Endoparasitoid WaspPteromalus puparum: An Overview

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Ying Zhu ◽  
Gong-Yin Ye ◽  
Cui Hu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Excellent Model ◽  
Pteromalus Puparum ◽  
Toxic Peptides

Parasitoid venom is a focal research point in the biological control area, which aims to explore its physiological functions and nature.Pteromalus puparumis a gregarious pupal endoparasitoid wasp which has evolved unique means to adopt the host's immune system, as no other parasitoid-associated factors other than venom are injected into its hosts during oviposition. It represents an excellent model for research of parasitoid venom. In this paper, information was gathered on outcomes ofP. puparumvenom. We first began this paper by examining its functional properties. Next, we reviewed the nature of this parasitoid's venom components. Even great achievements have been made, further research is required to uncover the sophisticated bioactivity of the venom and isolate more novel toxic peptides/proteins.

The species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) introduced to North America for biological control of the cabbage seedpod weevil, and the first recovery of Stenomalina gracilis (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A.P. Gibson ◽  
David R. Gillespie ◽  
Lloyd Dosdall
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Ceutorhynchus Obstrictus ◽  
Pteromalus Puparum ◽  
Cabbage Seedpod Weevil

AbstractThe species of Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea) introduced to British Columbia, Canada, from Europe in 1949 as Trichomalus fasciatus (Thomson, 1878), Xenocrepis pura Mayr, 1904, and Habrocytus sp. for classical biological control of Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham, 1802) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are shown to be misidentifications of Trichomalus perfectus (Walker, 1835), Mesopolobus morys (Walker, 1848), and Stenomalina gracilis (Walker, 1834), respectively. Species reared subsequently from seedpods of Brassica spp. (Brassicaceae) in British Columbia and reported in the literature under the first three names are shown to be misidentifications of, respectively, Trichomalus lucidus (Walker, 1835), Mesopolobus moryoides Gibson, 2005, and one or both of Pteromalus puparum (L., 1758) and T. lucidus. There is no evidence that either T. perfectus or M. morys established in North America, but S. gracilis is newly recorded from southern British Columbia based on specimens reared from Brassicaceae seedpods in 2004 and 2005.

The Invasion of Highlands in Galá'pagos by the Red Quinine-tree Cinchona succirubra

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A.W. Macdonald ◽  
Luis Ortiz ◽  
Jonas E. Lawesson ◽  
J. Bosco Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
National Park ◽  
National Park Service ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Santa Cruz Island ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Park Service ◽  
Highland Vegetation ◽  
Intensive Control

The alien tree species Cinchona succirubra, the Red Quinine-tree (Rubiaceae), was introduced to the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, in 1946, for purposes of cultivation, but causes much concern as, by 1987, it was found to cover about 4,000 hectares in the highlands of Santa Cruz Island, changing the original, largely endemic, vegetation. Some limited herbicide trials have been made by the Galápagos National Park Service, but a really successful method of controlling this pest still remains to be found.The removal of Cinchona plants from a 1000-ha Intensive Control Area (ICA) within the Galápagos National Park has been successful to date. However, large stands of the tree exist in the adjacent agricultural area of Santa Cruz Island, as well as elsewhere in the National Park. With the maturation of these stands, an increased input of Cinchona succirubra seeds to the ICA can be anticipated.Strengthened use of manual, chemical, and biological, control measures are therefore recommended on a shortterm basis, in order to conserve the unique highland vegetation of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos.

scholarly journals CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM OF MOTHER АND TROPHOBLAST CELLS: CONSTRUCTIVE COOPERATION FOR THE SAKE OF ACHIEVEMENT OF THE JOINT PURPOSE

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 12-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Ailamazyan ◽  
O. I. Stepanova ◽  
S. A. Sel'kov ◽  
D. I. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Trophoblast Cells ◽  
Joint Purpose

In the present review modern data about change of morfo-functional properties of a trophoblast during pregnancy, and also about influence of the cytokines produced by cells of a microenvironment, including leucocytes of mother, on a functional state of trophoblast is cited. Features of interaction between trophoblast and immune cells of mother are described within physiological pregnancy and within pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia. 

Functional properties of CD4+CD28− T cells in the aging immune system

1998 ◽  
Vol 102 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 131-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia M Weyand ◽  
Johann Christoph Brandes ◽  
Dorle Schmidt ◽  
James W Fulbright ◽  
Jörg J Goronzy
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Functional Properties

scholarly journals Changes in Gene Expression Linked to Adverse Health Effects of Herbicide Atrazine

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Concilla ◽  
He Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Multiple Genes ◽  
Herbicide Atrazine

Atrazine is widely-used as an agricultural herbicide and has contaminated some watersupply. Here we review recent studies showing atrazine affects the expression of multiple genes, whichin turn disrupts physiological functions in metabolism, reproduction, immune system, and cell division.

A Two-Holed Story: Structural Secrets About ClC Proteins Become Unraveled?

Physiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Babini ◽  
Michael Pusch
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Biophysical Properties ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Almost All

ClC Cl− channels are found in almost all organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals, in which nine Cl− channels belonging to the ClC family have been identified. The biophysical properties and physiological functions of ClC Cl− channels have been extensively reviewed. In this short review, we will focus on recent results obtained on the X-ray structure and functional properties of the prokaryotic ClC-ec1 protein and some results obtained on the role of the cytoplasmic COOH terminus of mammalian ClCs.

scholarly journals Growth performance, immune status and organ morphometry in broilers fed Bacillus subtilis-supplemented diet

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sikandar ◽  
H. Zaneb ◽  
M. Younus ◽  
S. Masood ◽  
A. Aslam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Zinc Bacitracin

The present research aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on performance, immune system, gut, and lymphoid organs’ microarchitecture in broilers. A total of 120 day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four groups. The birds were fed a corn-soy-based basal diet (BD) (control) or the same BD supplemented with 10% zinc bacitracin (ZnB), 0.05 g/kg or 0.1 g/kg of B. subtilis (BS). The broilers fed 0.1 g/kg of B. subtilis had superior mean bodyweight and lower feed conversion ratio compared with the non-supplemented or ZnB-fed groups. The BS-0.1 group registered higher antibody titer against the Newcastle disease (ND) virus. Cell-mediated immune response post Phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) injection was attained by both BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups. Histomorphological study revealed increased thymus cortical width, and cortex/medulla ratio in BS-0.1 group compared with control. Area of bursal follicles and germinal centres of spleen also improved in BS-0.1 group. Compared to ZnB and control, higher villus height (VH) and villus crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum were recorded on day 21, and higher VH of duodenum and ileum was noted on day 35 in BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups. In conclusion, B. subtilis-type probiotics contributed positively to better growth performance, improved immune system and modulated morphology of lymphoid organs and gut mucosa in broilers.Keywords: Immunity, intestinal mucosa, poultry, probiotics

Arming the enemy: the evolution of resistance to self-proteins

Microbiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (6) ◽  
pp. 1367-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Bell ◽  
Pierre-Henri Gouyon
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Bacterial Membrane ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Defence Proteins ◽  
Toxic Peptides ◽  
Novel Antibiotics

A remarkable range of novel antibiotics is attracting increasing interest as a major new weapon in the campaign against bacterial infection. They are based on the toxic peptides that provide the innate immune system of animals, and it is claimed that bacteria will be unable to evolve resistance to them because they attack the ‘Achilles' heel’ of bacterial membrane structure. Both experimental evidence and theoretical arguments suggest that this claim is doubtful. If so, the introduction of these substances into general use may provoke the evolution of resistance to our own defence proteins and thus compromise our natural defences against infection.

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