scholarly journals Electronic Waste: A Growing Concern in Today's Environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Khurrum S. Bhutta ◽  
Adnan Omar ◽  
Xiaozhe Yang
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Estimation Technique ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rubbish Dumps

Over the recent past, the global market of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has grown exponentially, while the lifespan of these products has become increasingly shorter. More of these products are ending up in rubbish dumps and recycling centers, posing a new challenge to policy makers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the e-Waste problem and to put forward an estimation technique to calculate the growth of e-Waste.

scholarly journals Import of Electronic Waste into Nigeria: the Imperative of a Regulatory Policy Shift

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-166
Author(s):  
Emeka P Amechi ◽  
Babatunde A Oni
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Regulatory Policy ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Wastes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Regulatory Climate ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
To Come

Abstract This article explores the regulation of transboundary movement of e-waste into Nigeria. The country has had an unsavoury history with the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, and this has likely influenced its strict legislative response to such imports, including the decision to ban the transboundary movement of e-waste. However, the effectiveness of the ban is doubtful, as the importation of non-functional electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) or near-end-of-life EEE (which is classified as e-waste in Nigeria), is still thriving. The failure of the ban in curbing the transboundary movement of e-waste into Nigeria obliges policy makers to come up with new and innovative means to address this issue. It posits that the ban does not show an appreciation of the socio-economic realities and the generally weak regulatory climate in the country. The article thus argues for a shift in policy from outright ban of e-waste imports into Nigeria to more effective regulation and sustainable management.

scholarly journals Estimating Recycling Return of Integrated Circuits Using Computer Vision on Printed Circuit Boards

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2808
Author(s):  
Leandro H. de S. Silva ◽  
Agostinho A. F. Júnior ◽  
George O. A. Azevedo ◽  
Sergio C. Oliveira ◽  
Bruno J. T. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Decision Criterion ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Mechanical Recycling ◽  
Printed Circuit

The technological growth of the last decades has brought many improvements in daily life, but also concerns on how to deal with electronic waste. Electrical and electronic equipment waste is the fastest-growing rate in the industrialized world. One of the elements of electronic equipment is the printed circuit board (PCB) and almost every electronic equipment has a PCB inside it. While waste PCB (WPCB) recycling may result in the recovery of potentially precious materials and the reuse of some components, it is a challenging task because its composition diversity requires a cautious pre-processing stage to achieve optimal recycling outcomes. Our research focused on proposing a method to evaluate the economic feasibility of recycling integrated circuits (ICs) from WPCB. The proposed method can help decide whether to dismantle a separate WPCB before the physical or mechanical recycling process and consists of estimating the IC area from a WPCB, calculating the IC’s weight using surface density, and estimating how much metal can be recovered by recycling those ICs. To estimate the IC area in a WPCB, we used a state-of-the-art object detection deep learning model (YOLO) and the PCB DSLR image dataset to detect the WPCB’s ICs. Regarding IC detection, the best result was obtained with the partitioned analysis of each image through a sliding window, thus creating new images of smaller dimensions, reaching 86.77% mAP. As a final result, we estimate that the Deep PCB Dataset has a total of 1079.18 g of ICs, from which it would be possible to recover at least 909.94 g of metals and silicon elements from all WPCBs’ ICs. Since there is a high variability in the compositions of WPCBs, it is possible to calculate the gross income for each WPCB and use it as a decision criterion for the type of pre-processing.

Electronic Waste and Environmental Justice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Pellow
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Waste Production

This chapter offers a review of the interdisciplinary literatures on electronic waste (e-waste) from an environmental justice perspective. Specifically, the author explores how e-waste reflects dynamic changes in the ways that the materiality of digital media intersects with ecological concerns and social inequalities. The author draws on several examples of e-waste production, reuse, recycling, and export around the globe as illustrations of these tensions. The author also discusses the ways that grassroots social movements and policy makers have responded to this crisis. Finally, the chapter considers a number of debates about the changing character of environmental justice struggles in the e-waste industry and workplaces.

scholarly journals Collecting Small-Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Poland—How Can Containers Help in Disposal of E-Waste by Individuals?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12422
Author(s):  
Piotr Nowakowski ◽  
Sandra Kuśnierz ◽  
Julia Płoszaj ◽  
Patrycja Sosna
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Support Design ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Waste Container

The effectiveness of e-waste collection depends on organizational and social factors. Individuals should have easy access to collection points and be aware of proper methods of e-waste disposal. This article investigates the availability, usability, and occurring irregularities of the container collection of small-waste electrical and electronic equipment. The study explores the attitude and behavior of individuals when disposing of small-waste equipment in the South of Poland. The results show that ninety-five percent of supermarkets’ managers responsible for waste management find a growing interest in the disposal of small e-waste by individuals. An increasing number of collection containers encourages residents to dispose of small-waste appliances. More than eighty-three percent of respondents are aware of proper methods of e-waste disposal. Additional information campaigns addressed to residents are required to prevent mixing electrical and electronic waste with other waste and to encourage the disposal of small e-waste. The intention to dispose of small e-waste was declared by only thirty-two percent of respondents. Containers with discarded easy breakable items, such as lamps, should be removed more frequently. The collection containers’ noticeability is evaluated by individuals as of average difficulty. The containers in supermarkets have simple designs and labels indicating the category of waste for disposal. The containers installed in residential areas have attractive designs and advertising slogans. The individuals expect the containers should be available in more locations that are easily accessible from households. The results of this study should be helpful for local authorities, waste collection companies, and waste electrical and electronic organizations, to support design, location selection, and information campaigns for small e-waste container collections.

scholarly journals Timor-Leste: The Adventurous Tribulations of Local Governance after Independence

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Graça Feijó
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Modern Democracy ◽  
Theoretical Terms ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
The Rich

Xanana Gusmão recently mentioned that a “Second Maubere Miracle” is underway, implying that a major political reform will soon shake the roots of Timor-Leste's public administration. Decentralization, defined in a very broad sense, has been a constitutional mandate since independence, but successive governments have failed to engage this reform despite paying lip service to its necessity. This essay reviews the options before the policy makers – both in theoretical terms (distinguishing between the various definitions of decentralization) and in the pragmatic forms that have been contemplated so far – and discusses their implications for the process of rooting a modern democracy in the country both at the intermediate, district level and at the grassroots, suku (village) level. For this purpose, the essay brings together the author's own field research and the rich literature that has emerged in the recent past, including contributions by Timorese colleagues.

Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recovery and Recycling in Turkey

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Tumkor ◽  
John W. Sutherland ◽  
Vishesh V. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Product Recovery ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Candidate Country ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Take Back ◽  
Environmentally Responsible ◽  
Current Product

Discarded electrical and electronic equipment contains valuable materials, low value parts, and hazardous substances. There is a growing concern regarding the management of end-of-use equipment owing to the environmental concerns associated with discarding used devices. Electronic waste or scrap consumes valuable landfill space and may ultimately contaminate groundwater sources. In addition, replacing discarded components with new components typically consumes valuable virgin material resources. With the advent of the WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Directive, used electrical and electronic products are now being recovered in Turkey as a European Union (EU) candidate country, and several companies in Turkey have begun to recover latent value through disassembly and reuse/recycling of materials and components. To remain competitive, these companies must implement economical and environmentally responsible recovery processes. There are a number of research challenges associated with product recovery. This paper describes the current product recovery infrastructure in Turkey, and discusses future trends and drivers for successful product take-back.

scholarly journals An attribution analysis of soybean price volatility in China: global market connectedness or energy market transmission?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Youwang Zhang ◽  
Chongguang Li ◽  
Yuanyuan Xu ◽  
Jian Li
Keyword(s):  
Price Volatility ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Energy Price ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Soybean Price ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of international soybean price and energy price on Chinese soybean price. Applied to monthly data over the period of 2007-2017, results show that both international soybean price and energy price have significant impacts on Chinese soybean price, while the impact from global soybean market tends to be more profound. First, we find that in the long run the cumulative pass-through elasticity of Chinese soybean price to international soybean price is greater than the elasticity to international energy price. Second, in the short run, international soybean price shocks transmit more quickly to Chinese soybean price. Our results shed new light on the determinants of soybean price volatility in China, and provide meaningful implications on the price risk management for market participants and policy makers.

Organic Farming For Sustainable Agriculture: A Comparative Analysis Of Organic Versus Conventional Rice And Cotton

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-207
Author(s):  
R.V. Sujatha ◽  
K. Suhasini ◽  
Y. Eswara Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Oil Seeds ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Chemical Inputs

Organic farming is not new to Indian farming community.  Several forms of organic farming are being successfully practiced in diverse climate, particularly in rain-fed, tribal, mountains and hill areas of the country. Among all farming systems, organic farming is gaining wide attention among farmers, entrepreneurs, policy makers and agricultural scientists for varied reasons such as  it minimizes the dependence on chemical inputs (fertilizers; pesticides; herbicides and other agro-chemicals) thus safeguards/ improves quality of resources, and environment. It is labour intensive and provides an opportunity to increase rural employment and achieve long term improvements in the quality of resource base.Organic farming has received considerable attention in India in the recent past. In India, the per cent area under organic farming is only 0.03 per cent of the total area under agriculture when compared to Austria (11.30%), Switzerland (9.70%) and Italy (7.94%) according to SOEL Survey, February 2003. Some of the major organically produced agricultural crops in India include crops like plantation, spices, pulses, fruits, vegetables and oil seeds etc

scholarly journals THE URGENCY OF ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATION IN INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL (ASEAN) LAW WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION APPROACH

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-104
Author(s):  
Nadya Meta Puspita
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Wastes ◽  
Basel Convention ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Almost All

AbstractThe development of technology has been increasing rapidly thus almost all aspects of humans are supported by technology and electronic equipment. More electronic wastes are produced, but those could not be managed similar to the conventional wastes and do not have the same characteristics as hazardous wastes as regulated in the Basel Convention 1989 so that the Convention cannot be applied to electronic wastes management optimally. In this present time, there are still no instruments in international law regarding the management of electronic wastes, but the international community has begun to discuss this issue and argue that it is necessary to develop regulations in international and regional levels, especially in the ASEAN region. The analysis and conclusions of this research shows that the Basel Convention cannot optimally accommodate the regulation of electronic wastes management and it is necessary to establish a regulation in the form of a mechanism under the Basel Convention 1989 with regard to environmental aspects. Arrangements at the ASEAN regional level should be made by referring to the principles regulated in the mechanism and formed in a coordinative and non-coercive guideline. Keywords: e-waste, e-waste management, environmental protection   AbstrakTeknologi semakin berkembang hampir semua aspek kehidupan manusia telah didukung oleh teknologi dengan peralatan elektronik. Produksi sampah elektronik semakin banyak, namun mereka tidak dapat dikelola seperti sampah konvensional dan juga tidak sepenuhnya memiliki karakteristik yang sama seperti sampah B3 yang telah diatur dalam Konvensi Basel 1989 sehingga Konvensi tidak dapat diterapkan pada pengelolaan sampah elektronik secara optimal. Saat ini, belum ada instrumen dalam hukum internasional mengenai pengelolaan sampah elektronik, namun masyarakat internasional sudah mulai membahas isu ini dan perlu adanya untuk mengembangkan peraturan di tingkat internasional dan regional, khususnya di ASEAN. Analisis dan kesimpulan penelitian ini memperlihatkan pengaturan dalam Konvensi Basel 1989 tidak dapat mengakomodasi secara optimal mengenai pemanfaatan sampah elektronik sehingga perlu dibuat suatu peraturan berupa mekanisme di bawah Konvensi Basel 1989 dengan memperhatikan aspek-aspek lingkungan. Pengaturan di tingkat regional ASEAN dapat dibuat dengan mengacu pada prinsip-prinsip yang diatur dalam mekanisme tersebut namun dibentuk berupa panduan yang lebih koordinatif dan tidak memaksa. Kata kunci: sampah elektronik, pengelolaan sampah elektronik, perlindungan lingkungan

scholarly journals Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Reutilization in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11433
Author(s):  
Rong Wang ◽  
Yi Deng ◽  
Shuyuan Li ◽  
Keli Yu ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Weee Recycling ◽  
Intelligent Management ◽  
Four Levels

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), also called electronic waste or e-waste, the core of “urban mining”, is attracting more and more attention to its pollution control and circular recycling. Hence, we defined WEEE, preliminarily discussed its history in China and pointed out that China has made great achievements in WEEE circular reutilization and pollution control. Meanwhile, we analyzed the four levels of circular WEEE recycling: repair, reuse and remanufacture, waste-to-materials, waste-to-products and waste-to-energy, and also put forward questions during this process. Moving forward, WEEE management will turn to intelligent management targeted on hazardous waste and other pollution, not merely the guidelines. Meanwhile, WEEE technology will transfer to value-added and automated reutilization, not just simple dismantling.

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