scholarly journals Tuberculosis: New Aspects of an Old Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Jordao ◽  
Otilia V. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Nitric Oxide Production ◽  
Phagosome Maturation ◽  
The World

Tuberculosis is an ancient infectious disease that remains a threat for public health around the world. Although the etiological agent as well as tuberculosis pathogenesis is well known, the molecular mechanisms underlying the host defense to the bacilli remain elusive. In this paper we focus on the innate immunity of this disease reviewing well-established and consensual mechanisms likeMycobacterium tuberculosisinterference with phagosome maturation, less consensual mechanism like nitric oxide production, and new mechanisms, such as mycobacteria translocation to the cytosol, autophagy, and apoptosis/necrosis proposed mainly during the last decade.

ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF СOVID-19, SARS-COV-2 VIRUS AND THE DISEASE

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
A.A. Korenkova ◽  
◽  
E.M. Mayorova ◽  
V.V. Bahmetjev ◽  
M.V. Tretyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Optimal Therapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The new coronavirus infection has posed a major public health challenge around the world, but new data on the disease raises more questions than answers. The lack of optimal therapy is a significant problem. The article examines the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis of COVID-19, special attention is paid to features of pathological processes and immune responses in children. COVID-19 leads to a wide diversity of negative outcomes, many of which can persist for at least months. Many of the consequences have yet to be identified. SARS-CoV-2 may provoke autoimmune reactions. Reinfection, herd immunity, vaccines and other prevention measures are also discussed in this review.

scholarly journals A Genetic Screen for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mutants Defective for Phagosome Maturation Arrest Identifies Components of the ESX-1 Secretion System

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 2668-2678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A. MacGurn ◽  
Jeffery S. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Growth Defect ◽  
Phagosome Maturation ◽  
Macrophage Infection ◽  
Maturation Arrest ◽  
System A ◽  
Early Endosomes

ABSTRACT After phagocytosis, the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis arrests the progression of the nascent phagosome into a phagolysosome, allowing for replication in a compartment that resembles early endosomes. To better understand the molecular mechanisms that govern phagosome maturation arrest, we performed a visual screen on a set of M. tuberculosis mutants specifically attenuated for growth in mice to identify strains that failed to arrest phagosome maturation and trafficked to late phagosomal compartments. We identified 10 such mutants that could be partitioned into two classes based on the kinetics of trafficking. Importantly, four of these mutants harbor mutations in genes that encode components of the ESX-1 secretion system, a pathway critical for M. tuberculosis virulence. Although ESX-1 is required, the known ESX-1 secreted proteins are dispensable for phagosome maturation arrest, suggesting that a novel effector required for phagosome maturation arrest is secreted by ESX-1. Other mutants identified in this screen had mutations in genes involved in lipid synthesis and secretion and in molybdopterin biosynthesis, as well as in genes with unknown functions. Most of these trafficking mutants exhibited a corresponding growth defect during macrophage infection, but two mutants grew like wild-type M. tuberculosis during macrophage infection. Our results support the emerging consensus that multiple factors from M. tuberculosis, including the ESX-1 secretion system, are involved in modulating trafficking within the host.

scholarly journals What is Communicable? Unaccounted Injuries and “Catching” Diabetes in an Illegible Epidemic

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Moran-Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Treatment Access ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
The World ◽  
Historically Situated ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Long-accepted models of causality cast diseases into the binary of either “contagious” or “non-communicable,” typically with institutional resources focused primarily on interrupting infectious disease transmission. But in southern Belize, as in much of the world today, epidemic diabetes has become a leading cause of death and a notorious contributor to organ failure and amputated limbs. This ethnographic essay follows caregivers’ and families’ work to survive in-between public health categories, and asks what responses a bifurcated model of infectious versus non-communicable disease structures or incapacitates in practice. It proposes an alternative focus on diabetes as a “para-communicable” condition—materially transmitted as bodies and ecologies intimately shape each other over time, with unequal and compounding effects for historically situated groups of people. The article closes by querying how communicability relates to community, and why it matters to reframe narratives about contributing causalities in relation to struggles for treatment access.

Cancer epidemiology and public health

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-42
Author(s):  
Paolo Boffetta ◽  
Zuo-Feng Zhang ◽  
Carlo La Vecchia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
World Population ◽  
The World ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Epidemiology And Public Health

Neoplasms continue to dominate globally as one of the major sources of human disease and death. There are multiple modifiable causes of cancer and understanding their attributable risk factors for each cancer is of importance. This chapter covers the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as the experimental and epidemiological approaches as determinants of the main cancers. Even if major discoveries in the clinical management of cancer patients will be accomplished in the near future, the changes will mainly affect the affluent part of the world population. Promising approaches focused on prevention of the known causes, reducing its consequences, notably in resource-constrained settings are highlighted.

scholarly journals Vietnamese Public Health Practices in the Advent of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-164
Author(s):  
Jeconiah Louis Dreisbach
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presents a great challenge to developing countries with limited access to public health measures in grassroots communities. The World Health Organization lauded the Vietnamese government for its proactive and steady investment in health facilities that mitigate the risk of the infectious disease in Vietnam. This short communication presents cases that could benchmark public health policies in developing countries.

scholarly journals Optimization of the CDC Protocol of Molecular Diagnosis of COVID-19 for Timely Diagnosis

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Ju Chen ◽  
Li-Ling Hsieh ◽  
Shu-Kai Lin ◽  
Chu-Feng Wang ◽  
Yi-Hui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Assay Optimization ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the current uncontrolled outbreak of infectious disease, has caused significant challenges throughout the world. A reliable rapid diagnostic test for COVID-19 is demanded worldwide. The real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain was one of the most quickly established methods in the novel viral pandemic and was considered as the gold standard for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this report, we illustrate our experience of applying a protocol from the Taiwan CDC and achieving assay optimization in the immediate circumstances to meet the urgent medical and public health needs.

scholarly journals Innate Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinout van Crevel ◽  
Tom H. M. Ottenhoff ◽  
Jos W. M. van der Meer
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Genetic Studies

SUMMARY The different manifestations of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis reflect the balance between the bacillus and host defense mechanisms. Traditionally, protective immunity to tuberculosis has been ascribed to T-cell-mediated immunity, with CD4+ T cells playing a crucial role. Recent immunological and genetic studies support the long-standing notion that innate immunity is also relevant in tuberculosis. In this review, emphasis is on these natural, innate host defense mechanisms, referring to experimental data (e.g., studies in gene knockout mice) and epidemiological, immunological, and genetic studies in human tuberculosis. The first step in the innate host defense is cellular uptake of M. tuberculosis, which involves different cellular receptors and humoral factors. Toll-like receptors seem to play a crucial role in immune recognition of M. tuberculosis, which is the next step. The subsequent inflammatory response is regulated by production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Different natural effector mechanisms for killing of M. tuberculosis have now been identified. Finally, the innate host response is necessary for induction of adaptive immunity to M. tuberculosis. These basic mechanisms augment our understanding of disease pathogenesis and clinical course and will be of help in designing adjunctive treatment strategies.

scholarly journals MODELLING THE NUMBER OF NEW PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS CASES WITH GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED NEGATIVE BINOMIAL REGRESSION METHOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-92
Author(s):  
Tsuraya Mumtaz ◽  
Agung Priyo Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
The World

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Untill now, TB is still one of the main problems in many countries, especially developing countries. Indonesia ranked second as the country with the highest TB cases in the world in 2015, where most cases were found in Java. This study was conducted to model the number of new pulmonary TB cases in Java by considering the spatial aspects using Geographically Weighted Negative Binomial Regression (GWNBR). GWNBR method was chosen  because the data used in this study are overdispered. The result showed that the population density and percentage of healty homes were not significantly influential in each region. While the number of puskesmas, the percentage of smokers, the percentage of good PHBS, the percentage of diabetes mellitus, and the percentage of less IMT were significant in some regions. In general, the GWNBR model was better for modelling the number of new pulmonary TB cases than negative binomial regression and GWPR.

Simultaneous determination of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in fixed-dose combination antituberculosis pharmaceutical formulations: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1103-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. L. Oliveira ◽  
P. R. Chellini ◽  
T. L. Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
First Line ◽  
The World ◽  
Dose Combination ◽  
Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization, rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol hydrochloride are the first-line drugs used to treat tuberculosis – an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Leveraging GIS Technologies for Informed Decision-making in COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakibul Ahasan ◽  
Md Mahbub Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Gis Technologies ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The World

With more than 19 million confirmed cases and over 700 thousand case-fatalities around the world, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic had changed the dynamics of human lives globally. Different Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques are widely used across scientific disciplines, including public health since the mid-1960s. Previous studies found that GIS was actively used in infectious disease mapping. Recently, GIS has been playing a critical role in understanding the spatial clustering and transmission trend of the ongoing COVID-19.3 However, it can be argued that the applications of GIS technologies could have provided more insights for research and practice in the context of COVID-19.

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