scholarly journals Theoretical Prediction of Ultrasonic Velocity in Binary Liquid Mixtures

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (s1) ◽  
pp. S330-S334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaik. Babu
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Velocity ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Average Percentage Error

Theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity in the binary mixtures of chlorobenzene with benzene have been evaluated at different temperatures from 303.15 K-323.15 K using Nomoto's relation, ideal mixture relation, Junjie's method, collision factor theory and free length theory. Theoretical values were compared with the experimental values and the validity of the theories was checked by applying the chi-square test for goodness of fit and by calculating the average percentage error (APE).

scholarly journals Theoretical Prediction of Ultrasonic Velocity in Organic Liquid Mixtures

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (s1) ◽  
pp. S235-S238 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Uvarani ◽  
S. Punitha
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Velocity ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Average Percentage Error

Theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity in the binary mixtures of cyclohexanone with 2-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol have been evaluated at 303 K using Nomoto’s relation, collision factor theory, free length theory, ideal mixture relation, Junjie’s method. Theoretical values are compared with the experimental values and the validity of the theories are checked by applying the chi-square test for goodness of fit and by calculating the average percentage error (APE).

scholarly journals Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Ultrasonic Velocity in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Ethyl benzoate

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2309-2314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaik Babu ◽  
S. V. Kumara Sastry ◽  
Ha Sie Tiong ◽  
S. Sreehari Sastry
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Velocity ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Ethyl Benzoate ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Average Percentage Error

Ultrasonic velocity is measured at 2MHz frequency in the binary mixtures of Ethyl Benzoate with 1-Propanol, 1-Butanol, 1-Pentanol and theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity have been evaluated at 303K using Nomoto's relation, Impedance relation, Ideal mixture relation, Junjie's method and free length theory. Theoretical values are compared with the experimental values and the validity of the theories is checked by applying the chi-square test for goodness of fit and by calculating the average percentage error (APE). A good agreement has been found between experimental and Nomoto’s ultrasonic velocity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocity Theories on Binary Liquid Mixtures of Propiophenone with Isomeric Xylenes at Temperatures (T = 303.15 to 318.15 K)

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 3087-3092
Author(s):  
Nanduri Gayatri Devi ◽  
N.V.N.B. Srinivasa Rao ◽  
D. Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Ultrasonic Velocity ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Relative Percentage Error ◽  
Molecular Interaction Parameter

Densities (ρ), ultrasonic speeds of sound (u) of binary mixtures containing propiophenone with o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene were measured over the entire composition range at temperatures from 303.15-318.15 K and at atmospheric pressure 0.1 MPa. Experimental data of ultrasonic velocity was used to compute the theoretical velocities by using the various theories like Nomoto’s relation (UNOM), impedance relation (UIMP), Van Dael and Vangeel’s relation (UVDV), Rao’s specific velocity relation (URAO), Jouyban-Acree’s (UJOE) and Junjie’s theory (UJUN). The results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The relative percentage error, chi square test for goodness of fit and the molecular interaction parameter (α) values for non-ideality in the binary mixtures were computed and analyzed in terms of intermolecular interactions between the molecules of the binary mixtures.

scholarly journals Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocities of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Anisaldehyde and Toluene at Different Temperatures

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 977-981
Author(s):  
CH. Srinivasu ◽  
K. Narendra ◽  
CH. Kalpana
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Velocity ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Binary Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Ultrasonic Velocities ◽  
Theoretical Evaluation ◽  
Binary Liquid ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Good Agreement

Theoretical velocities of binary liquid mixtures of anisaldehyde with toluene at 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K have been evaluated by using theoretical models of liquid mixtures such as Nomoto, Van Dael-Vangeel, Schaff’s collision factor theory and Junjie’s relations. Density and ultrasonic velocity of these mixtures have also been measured as a function of concentration and temperature and the experimental values are compared with the theoretical values. A good agreement has been found between experimental and Nomoto’s theoretical ultrasonic velocities. The results are explained in terms of intermolecular interactions occurring in these binary liquid mixtures.

Molecular Interaction Studies in Ternary Liquid Mixtures Containing 2-Nitroanisole and 1- Pentanol in n- Hexane at Different Temperatures using Ultrasonic Techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Edward Jeyakumar J ◽  
Chidambara Vinayagam S ◽  
Senthil Murugan J ◽  
Syed Ibrahim P.S
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Velocity ◽  
Molecular Interaction ◽  
Liquid Mixture ◽  
Adiabatic Compressibility ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Acoustical Parameters ◽  
Induced Dipole ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Donor Acceptor ◽  
Experimental Values

The experimental values of ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been measured for the ternary liquid mixtures containing 2-Nitroanisole and 1-Pentanol in n-Hexane at 303,308 and 313K. To calculate various acoustical parameters like adiabatic compressibility, free volume, internal pressure, acoustical impedance, adsorption co-efficient and molecular interaction parameters have been computed using the experimental data. The linearity of variation in ultrasonic velocity and other parameters are due to the molecular interaction between donor acceptor molecules in liquid-liquid mixture. The various molecular interactions like dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, induced-induced dipole have been discussed for the liquid mixture containing 2-Nitroanisone, 1-Pentanol in n-Hexane at different temperatures and concentration.

scholarly journals Estimating Daily Global Solar Radiation with No Meteorological Data in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 778
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kleniewska ◽  
Dorota Mitrowska ◽  
Michał Wasilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Bias Error ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Average Percentage Error

The aim of the study was to calibrate coefficients and evaluate performance of simple, day-of-the-year, global solar radiation (H) models nominated from the literature. Day-of-the-year models enable estimation of global solar radiation when no meteorological data is available. The study used 16-year-long data series of daily H, taken at 15 actinometric stations located in various parts of Poland. The goodness-of-fit of the models to the actual long-term monthly average daily global solar radiation data expressed by determination coefficient (R2) ranges from 0.94 to 0.97. Depending on statistical indicators analysis (root mean square error—RMSE, mean absolute bias error—MABE, mean average percentage error—MAPE) the best model was selected. The averaged values of H computed by the recommended model deviate from those measured by 4.16% to 8.71%. Locally calibrated, day-of-the-year model provides satisfactory accuracy and—where meteorological data is unavailable—can be used to estimate mean monthly daily global solar radiation in Poland and similar climate conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Use ofAcacia niloticaLeaf as an Ecofriendly Adsorbent for Cr (VI) and Its Suitability in Real Waste Water: Study of Residual Errors

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashly Leena Prasad ◽  
Santhi Thirumalisamy
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Langmuir Model ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Average Percentage Error ◽  
Residual Errors

The present paper aims to investigate the physical characteristics ofAcacia niloticaleaves (MVM) relative to their use as an adsorbent for removal of hazardous Cr (VI) from waste water. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR and SEM studies. The applicability of the Langmuir model to MVM was proved by the high coefficient of determination. Eight error analysis methods, namely, residual root mean square error (RMSE), chi-square (χ2), sum of the square of the errors (ERRSQ), composite functional error (HYBRD), derivative of Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), average relative error (ARE), sum of absolute error (EABS), and average percentage error (APE) were used to evaluate the suitability of the adsorption isotherm. Desorption reveals that recovery of the metal from adsorbent was possible. The ecofriendly adsorbent MVM is expected to be an environmentally and economically feasible adsorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution and real waste water.

scholarly journals Design and Performance Evaluation of a Multi-Temperature Flat Plate Solar Collector

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-539
Author(s):  
Selfa Johnson Zwalnan ◽  
Gideon Ayuba Duvuna ◽  
Yousif Abdalla Abakr ◽  
Tiyamike Banda
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
Solar Collector ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Load Demand ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Flat Plate Solar Collector ◽  
Average Percentage Error

The standard flat-plate solar collector utilises a single copper tube to remove the absorber plate’s heat. This type of collector’s primary purpose is to provide hot water for a single application. Hot water can be required for different applications at different temperatures. Besides, using the standard collector’s configuration may increase thermal demand and increase the collector’s size. Therefore, this study proposes a novel solar water heating configuration that uses three in-line fluid passages. The goal is to design a single collector that provides hot water for various uses: Sterilisation, washing, and postnatal care. Thus, the proposed system was modelled, and a numerical simulation conducted. This analysis compares the proposed system’s output and the standard collector’s output. The results showed that the thermal load demand was reduced by 27% when the hot water demand for these services was generated using three separate tanks. The serpentine collector’s efficiency with three fluid passages is increased by 20% compared to the traditional serpentine collector. The thermal energy delivered to meet load was 30% higher than that of the traditional serpentine system. The experimental and simulated system performance is in near agreement with an average percentage error Cv(RMSE) of 8.75% and confidence level NSE of about 87%. Since the proposed serpentine collector has a higher overall thermal production, it is recommended for use with hot water, which has to be heated to different temperatures.

Actuation and dynamic mechanical characteristics of a core free flat dielectric electro-active polymer soft actuator

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 7396-7404
Author(s):  
Abdul Malek Abdul Wahab ◽  
Emiliano Rustighi ◽  
Zainudin A.
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Resonance Frequency ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Initial Tension ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Soft Actuator ◽  
Average Percentage Error ◽  
Mechanical Dynamics

Various complex shapes of dielectric electro-active polymer (DEAP) actuator have been promoted for several types of applications. In this study, the actuation and mechanical dynamics characteristics of a new core free flat DEAP soft actuator were investigated. This actuator was developed by Danfoss PolyPower. DC voltage of up to 2000 V was supplied for identifying the actuation characteristics of the actuator and compare with the existing formula. The operational frequency of the actuator was determined by dynamic testing. Then, the soft actuator has been modelled as a uniform bar rigidly fixed at one end and attached to mass at another end. Results from the theoretical model were compared with the experimental results. It was found that the deformation of the current actuator was quadratic proportional to the voltage supplied. It was found that experimental results and theory were not in good agreement for low and high voltage with average percentage error are 104% and 20.7%, respectively. The resonance frequency of the actuator was near 14 Hz. Mass of load added, inhomogeneity and initial tension significantly affected the resonance frequency of the soft actuator. The experimental results were consistent with the theoretical model at zero load. However, due to inhomogeneity, the frequency response function’s plot underlines a poor prediction where the theoretical calculation was far from experimental results as values of load increasing with the average percentage error 15.7%. Hence, it shows the proposed analytical procedure not suitable to provide accurate natural frequency for the DEAP soft actuator.

Prediction of Haemoglobin Level by Some Probability Distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Govinda Prasad Dhungana ◽  
Laxmi Prasad Sapkota
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Best Fit

 Hemoglobin level is a continuous variable. So, it follows some theoretical probability distribution Normal, Log-normal, Gamma and Weibull distribution having two parameters. There is low variation in observed and expected frequency of Normal distribution in bar diagram. Similarly, calculated value of chi-square test (goodness of fit) is observed which is lower in Normal distribution. Furthermore, plot of PDFof Normal distribution covers larger area of histogram than all of other distribution. Hence Normal distribution is the best fit to predict the hemoglobin level in future.

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