scholarly journals The Representative Porcine Model for Human Cardiovascular Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoriyasu Suzuki ◽  
Alan C. Yeung ◽  
Fumiaki Ikeno
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Insight Into

To improve human health, scientific discoveries must be translated into practical applications. Inherent in the development of these technologies is the role of preclinical testing using animal models. Although significant insight into the molecular and cellular basis has come from small animal models, significant differences exist with regard to cardiovascular characteristics between these models and humans. Therefore, large animal models are essential to develop the discoveries from murine models into clinical therapies and interventions. This paper will provide an overview of the more frequently used large animal models, especially porcine models for preclinical studies.

scholarly journals Small Animal Models for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B, and Tuberculosis: Proceedings of an NIAID Workshop

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Akkina ◽  
Daniel L. Barber ◽  
Moses T. Bility ◽  
Karl-Dimiter Bissig ◽  
Benjamin J. Burwitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Hepatitis Viruses ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Small Animal Models

The main advantage of animal models of infectious diseases over in vitro studies is the gain in the understanding of the complex dynamics between the immune system and the pathogen. While small animal models have practical advantages over large animal models, it is crucial to be aware of their limitations. Although the small animal model at least needs to be susceptible to the pathogen under study to obtain meaningful data, key elements of pathogenesis should also be reflected when compared to humans. Well-designed small animal models for HIV, hepatitis viruses and tuberculosis require, additionally, a thorough understanding of the similarities and differences in the immune responses between humans and small animals and should incorporate that knowledge into the goals of the study. To discuss these considerations, the NIAID hosted a workshop on ‘Small Animal Models for HIV, Hepatitis B, and Tuberculosis’ on May 30, 2019. Highlights of the workshop are outlined below.

The Utility of Animal Models in the Preclinical Study of Interventions to Prevent Human Coronary Artery Restenosis: Analysis and Recommendations

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (05) ◽  
pp. 835-843. ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Griggs ◽  
L. Badimon ◽  
G. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Human Coronary Artery ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Luminal Narrowing ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Large Animals

SummarySmall animal models have several advantageous characteristics, but those used in preclinical restenosis research have lacked efficacy in predicting the success of interventions to inhibit restenosis in humans.Large animal models have been more successful than small animal models in predicting efficacy of interventions to inhibit restenosis in humans, but the results of studies carried out with these models have not been uniformly predictive.Confirmation of the results of small animal studies in large animals has not always yielded information predictive of success in humans; however, the absence of such confirmation has had strong negative predictive value.Small animal models used for evaluation of interventions to inhibit luminal narrowing following arterial instrumentation have failed to closely simulate human atherosclerosis and the stenotic lesions subjected to instrumentation in humans.Transgenic, atherosclerotic animals hold promise for the development of more useful small animal models to study mechanisms of the response of diseased arteries to angioplasty and stents.The pig has been the most useful large animal to study stenosis/ restenosis, but more information is needed to overcome the limitations of this model.

Animal models of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: optimal choices for the best outcomes

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Huang ◽  
Fengyan Zhao ◽  
Yi Qu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy

AbstractHypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a serious disease leading to neonatal death, is becoming a key area of pediatric neurological research. Despite remarkable advances in the understanding of HIE, the explicit pathogenesis of HIE is unclear, and well-established treatments are absent. Animal models are usually considered as the first step in the exploration of the underlying disease and in evaluating promising therapeutic interventions. Various animal models of HIE have been developed with distinct characteristics, and it is important to choose an appropriate animal model according to the experimental objectives. Generally, small animal models may be more suitable for exploring the mechanisms of HIE, whereas large animal models are better for translational studies. This review focuses on the features of commonly used HIE animal models with respect to their modeling strategies, merits, and shortcomings, and associated neuropathological changes, providing a comprehensive reference for improving existing animal models and developing new animal models.

scholarly journals Translational Animal Models for Liver Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Obeid ◽  
Ramzy C. Khabbaz ◽  
Kelly D. Garcia ◽  
Kyle M. Schachtschneider ◽  
Ron C. Gaba
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Perfect Model ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Human Primate

Animal models have become increasingly important in the study of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as they serve as a critical bridge between laboratory-based discoveries and human clinical trials. Developing an ideal animal model for translational use is challenging, as the perfect model must be able to reproduce human disease genetically, anatomically, physiologically, and pathologically. This brief review provides an overview of the animal models currently available for translational liver cancer research, including rodent, rabbit, non-human primate, and pig models, with a focus on their respective benefits and shortcomings. While small animal models offer a solid starting point for investigation, large animal HCC models are becoming increasingly important for translation of preclinical results to clinical practice.

scholarly journals Skin Immunology and Rejection in VCA and Organ Transplantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
D. A. Leonard ◽  
K. R. Amin ◽  
H. Giele ◽  
J. E. Fildes ◽  
Jason K. F. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Skin Immunology ◽  
Discrete Populations

Abstract Purpose of Review Skin provides a window into the health of an individual. Using transplanted skin as a monitor can provide a powerful tool for surveillance of rejection in a transplant. The purpose of this review is to provide relevant background to the role of skin in vascularized transplantation medicine. Recent Findings Discrete populations of T memory cells provide distributed immune protection in skin, and cycle between skin, lymph nodes, and blood. Skin-resident TREG cells proliferate in response to inflammation and contribute to long-term VCA survival in small animal models. Early clinical studies show sentinel flap rejection to correlate well with facial VCA skin rejection, and abdominal wall rejection demonstrates concordance with visceral rejection, but further studies are required. Summary This review focuses on the immunology of skin, skin rejection in vascularized composite allografts, and the recent advances in monitoring the health of transplanted tissues using distant “sentinel” flaps.

scholarly journals Intratracheal aerosolization of viral vectors to newborn pig airways

BioTechniques ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 235-239
Author(s):  
Ashley L Cooney ◽  
Patrick L Sinn
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Large Animals

Gene therapy for airway diseases requires efficient delivery of nucleic acids to the airways. In small animal models, gene delivery reagents are commonly delivered as a bolus dose. However, large animal models are often more relevant for the transition from preclinical studies to human trials. Aerosolizing viral vectors to the lungs of large animals can maximize anatomical distribution. Here, we describe a technique for aerosolization of viral vectors to the airways of newborn pigs. Briefly, a pig is anesthetized and intubated with an endotracheal tube, and a microsprayer is passed through the endotracheal tube. A fine mist is then sprayed into the distal trachea. Widespread and uniform distribution of transgene expression is critical for developing successful lung gene therapy treatments.

scholarly journals A Review of the Current Mammalian Models of Alzheimer’s Disease and Challenges That Need to Be Overcome

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 13168
Author(s):  
Natasha Elizabeth Mckean ◽  
Renee Robyn Handley ◽  
Russell Grant Snell
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
The Impact

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the looming health crises of the near future. Increasing lifespans and better medical treatment for other conditions mean that the prevalence of this disease is expected to triple by 2050. The impact of AD includes both the large toll on individuals and their families as well as a large financial cost to society. So far, we have no way to prevent, slow, or cure the disease. Current medications can only alleviate some of the symptoms temporarily. Many animal models of AD have been created, with the first transgenic mouse model in 1995. Mouse models have been beset by challenges, and no mouse model fully captures the symptomatology of AD without multiple genetic mutations and/or transgenes, some of which have never been implicated in human AD. Over 25 years later, many mouse models have been given an AD-like disease and then ‘cured’ in the lab, only for the treatments to fail in clinical trials. This review argues that small animal models are insufficient for modelling complex disorders such as AD. In order to find effective treatments for AD, we need to create large animal models with brains and lifespan that are closer to humans, and underlying genetics that already predispose them to AD-like phenotypes.

scholarly journals Understanding Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Airway Epithelial Repair: Selecting the Most Appropriate Animal Models

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Yahaya
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Epithelium Regeneration

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the process of regeneration and repair of airway epithelial structures demands close characterization of the associated cellular and molecular events. The choice of an animal model system to study these processes and the role of lung stem cells is debatable since ideally the chosen animal model should offer a valid comparison with the human lung. Species differences may include the complex three-dimensional lung structures, cellular composition of the lung airway as well as transcriptional control of the molecular events in response to airway epithelium regeneration, and repair following injury. In this paper, we discuss issues related to the study of the lung repair and regeneration including the role of putative stem cells in small- and large-animal models. At the end of this paper, the author discuss the potential for using sheep as a model which can help bridge the gap between small-animal model systems and humans.

Premature guinea pigs: a new paradigm to investigate the late-effects of preterm birth

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Berry ◽  
C. Gray ◽  
K. Wright ◽  
R. Dyson ◽  
I. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Caesarean Birth ◽  
Large Animal Models

Preterm birth is common and the associated short-term morbidity well described. The adult-onset consequences of preterm birth are less clear, but cardiovascular and metabolic health may be adversely affected. Although large animal models of preterm birth addressing important short-term issues exist, long-term studies are hampered by significant logistical constraints. Current small animal models of prematurity require terminal caesarean section of the mother; both caesarean birth and early maternal care modify offspring adult cardio-metabolic function.We describe a novel method for inducing preterm labour in guinea pigs. With support comparable to that received by moderately preterm human infants, preterm pups are viable. Growth trajectories between preterm and term-born pups differ significantly; between term equivalent age and weaning ex-preterm animals demonstrate increased weight and ponderal index.We believe this novel paradigm will significantly improve our ability to investigate the cardio-metabolic sequelae of preterm birth throughout the life course and into the second generation.

scholarly journals Assessment of Environmental and Occupational Exposure while Working with Candida auris a Multidrug Resistant (MDR) Fungus in the Animal Facility.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Torres ◽  
Heather C. Kim ◽  
Lynn Leach ◽  
Sudha Chaturvedi ◽  
Corey J. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Buddy System ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Dose Dependent

In less than a decade since its identification in 2009, the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris has become a major public health threat due to its multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype, high transmissibility, and high mortality. Unlike any other Candida species, C. auris has acquired high levels of resistance to an already limited arsenal of antifungals. As an emerging pathogen, there are currently a limited number of documented murine models of C. auris infection. These animal models use inoculums as high as 107-108 cells per mouse, and the environmental and occupational exposure of working with these models has not been clearly defined. Using an intravenous model of C. auris infection, this study determined that shedding of the organism is dose-dependent. C. auris was detected in the cage bedding when mice were infected with 107 and 108 cells, but not with doses of 105 and 106 cells. Potential for exposure to C. auris during necropsies and when working with infected tissues was also demonstrated. To mitigate these potential exposures, a rigorous buddy system workflow, biomonitoring and disinfection procedures were developed that can be used to prevent accidental exposures when using small animal models of C. auris infection.

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