scholarly journals Sex Differences in Drug Disposition

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Offie P. Soldin ◽  
Sarah H. Chung ◽  
Donald R. Mattison
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Pharmacology ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Drug Disposition ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Effective Treatments

Physiological, hormonal, and genetic differences between males and females affect the prevalence, incidence, and severity of diseases and responses to therapy. Understanding these differences is important for designing safe and effective treatments. This paper summarizes sex differences that impact drug disposition and includes a general comparison of clinical pharmacology as it applies to men and women.

Sex Differences in the Relationship between Machiavellianism and Self-Disclosure

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Domelsmith ◽  
James T. Dietch
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Willingness To Disclose ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Individual Achievement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Existing Data

Previous research suggests that there should be a negative correlation between Machiavellianism (Mach) and willingness to reveal things about oneself. However, existing data are unclear and contradictory, especially regarding differences between males and females. College students (48 male, 77 female) completed measures of both Machiavellianism and self-disclosure, and the two sets of scores were correlated. As expected, Mach was significantly correlated with unwillingness to self-disclose among males. For the females, however, Mach was significantly correlated with willingness to disclose. The two correlations are significantly different. Culturally defined differences in the goals of men and women may account for the results. According to current stereotypes, men are oriented toward individual achievement, while die goals of women are more “social,” being popular, nurturant, skilled at getting along with others, etc. Women who accept these goals and who are willing to employ manipulative (Machiavellian) tactics to achieve them could use self-disclosure effectively, while it would be an ineffective strategy for men.

Reactions to Men and Women Who Cry: A Study of Sex Differences in Perceived Societal Attitudes versus Personal Attitudes

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Cretser ◽  
William K. Lombardo ◽  
Barbara Lombardo ◽  
Sharon Mathis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Stimulus Situation ◽  
Sex Role Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Subjects

This study examined sex differences and similarities in sex-role attitudes using reactions to males' and females' crying as the stimulus situation. 285 male and 307 female students completed questionnaires. Subjects were asked to indicate their reactions to the sight of a woman crying and to the sight of a man crying. They were also asked to indicate how they thought “people” react to the sight of a man or a woman crying. Subjects perceived “people” as holding a double standard of crying, with much greater acceptance of females' than of males' crying. The proportion of subjects of both sexes who considered crying by males acceptable was significantly greater than the proportion who felt “people” would find it acceptable. Women seemed to hold a unisex standard of crying, while male subjects endorsed a double standard.

Some reflections on sex differences in aggression and violence

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-233
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Maxson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Human Aggression ◽  
Intrasexual Aggression ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Evolutionary Explanations

Four issues relevant to sex differences in human aggression and violence are considered. (1) The motivation for play and serious aggression in children and juvenile animals is different. Consequently, the evolutionary explanations for each may be different. (2) Sex differences in intrasexual aggression may be due to effects of the attacker or the target. There is evidence that both males and females are more physically aggressive against males and less physically aggressive against females. The evolutionary explanation for each component of the sex difference in intrasexual aggression may be different. (3) Aggression and violence are defined. The former is the attack, and the latter is the consequent injury or death. The evolutionary explanation for each may not be the same. (4) Most men and women are neither physically aggressive nor criminally violent. The evolutionary explanations of sex differences in aggression and violence should take this polymorphism into account.

Sex Differences in the Perception of Romantic Love-Mate Attraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1089-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Pellegrini
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Romantic Love ◽  
Female Respondent ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mate Attraction ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Supremacy

A sample of 450 male and 450 female single young adults were questioned as to whether they regarded romantic love-mate attraction as (a) easier for men than for women, (b) easier for women than for men, or (c) equally difficult for men and women. For both the males and females surveyed, the “equally difficult” alternative was endorsed the most frequently, the “easier for women” alternative the next most frequently, and the “easier for men” alternative the least frequently. The significant difference between the two distributions reflects a greater tendency among male than among female respondent to see mate attraction as easier for women. The results are thus contradictive of sexist attitudes of male supremacy in young people of both sexes, at least as far as the interpersonal marketplace is concerned. Directions for future research are outlined.

scholarly journals Sex differences in gray and white matter structure in age-matched unrelated males and females and opposite-sex siblings.

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 7-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anouk Den Braber ◽  
Dennis Van ‘t Ent ◽  
Diederick Stoffers ◽  
Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen ◽  
Dorret I. Boomsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Global Brain

Apart from the general finding of larger global brain volumes in men, neuroimaging studies that compared brain structure between men and women have yielded some inconsistencies with regard to regional differences. One confound when comparing men and women may be differences in their genetic and or family background. A design that addresses such confounds compares brain structures between brothers and sisters, who share their genetic and family background.In the present study, we aimed to contribute to the existing literature on structural brain sex differences by comparing regional gray and white matter volume, using voxel based morphometry (VBM); and white matter microstructure, using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), between 40 unrelated males and females, and contrasting the results with those obtained in a group of 47 opposite-sex siblings, including 42 dizygotic opposite-sex (DOS) twin pairs.”Our results showed that men had larger global brain volumes as well as higher mean fractional anisotropy across the brain and showed regionally enlarged gray matter volume and higher fractional anisotropy in, or surrounding, subcortical structures (hypothalamus, thalamus, putamen and globus pallidus and rostral midbrain). Increased gray matter volume in women was restricted to areas of the cortex, including inferior temporal, insular, cingulate, precentral and frontal/prefrontal regions.These sex differences were generally consistent between the unrelated male-female pairs and the opposite-sex sibling pairs. Therefore, we conclude that these sex differences are not the result of confounding differences in genetic or family background and that the etiology of these sex differences merits further investigation.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Short Literature Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Ositkovska ◽  
Oхana Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Verbal Aggression ◽  
Difference Model ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Girls With Adhd

The review of the latest foreign literature on the issue of sex differences in ADHD carriers is presented. The analysis of theories on the causes of the prevalence of the disorder among boys and girls is presented, and minor sex differences are highlighted. Therefore, ADHD is more common among boys than among girls, which leads to arguments about the difference valid in the prevalence of the disorder among men and women. Also, many researchers have noticed certain differences in the symptoms and behaviour of girls compared to boys, both in childhood and adulthood. Boys and girls with ADHD appear to be more similar than different, and usually the symptoms are not sex specific, but still there is a difference. In general, these differences are manifested in the fact that girls have problems with the emotional sphere and the predominant inattentive symptoms of ADHD, while boys have problems with the behavioural sphere and the predominant impulsive and hyperactive type of ADHD. Moreover, boys are more aggressive in behaviour than girls, although girls are more likely to manifest verbal aggression than their female peers, who do not have the disorder. It has been found that the difference in the prevalence of the disorder among males and females can be described by the Cognitive Endophenotype Theory, which assumes the influence of generally accepted endophenotypes on the severity of ADHD, that means processing speed, inhibition and working memory. This theory does not preclude theories such as the Mean Difference Model and the Variance Difference Model, which state that men on the average have more severe symptoms than women, and thus the scale of the severity of the ADHD among boys is much wider than among women.

Asthma, atopy, and exercise: Sex differences in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110038
Author(s):  
Daniel Enrique Rodriguez Bauza ◽  
Patricia Silveyra
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Atopic Status ◽  
The Us ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Exercise Induced

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease affecting approximately 7.7% of the US population. Sex differences in the prevalence, incidence, and severity of asthma have been widely described throughout the lifespan, showing higher rates in boys than girls before puberty, but a reversed pattern in adults. Asthma is often associated with atopy, i.e. the tendency to develop allergic diseases, and can be worsened by environmental stimuli and/or exercise. While not exclusive to patients with asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a common complication of athletes and individuals who exercise regularly. Currently, there is limited research on sex differences in EIB and its relationship with atopy and asthma in men and women. In this minireview, we summarize the available literature on this topic. Overall, the collective knowledge supports the notion that physiological changes triggered during exercise affect males and females differently, suggesting an interaction among sex, exercise, sex hormones, and atopic status in the course of EIB pathophysiology. Understanding these differences is important to provide personalized management plans to men and women who exercise regularly and suffer from underlying asthma and/or atopy.

VIII. A study of temperature regulation in Yemenite and Kurdish Jews in Israel

1973 ◽  
Vol 266 (876) ◽  
pp. 149-168 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Arid Zone Research ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Thermoregulatory Function ◽  
Yemenite Jews ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Temperature regulation has been studied in 34 Yemenite Jews and 33 Kurdish Jews, including both men and women, using a standard thermoregulatory function test based on an air conditioned bed. The subjects were first tested at the Negev Institute for Arid Zone Research in the hot summer of 1968 and a proportion were then retested 6 months later in the cooler winter weather. The results reveal no differences between the Kurdish Jews and Yemenite Jews in thermoregulatory function. The women of both ethnic groups had much lower sweat rates, stored more heat before sweating was initiated and had higher skin temperatures at sweat onset than the men. These sex differences are discussed in relation to previous studies on the differences in temperature regulation between European men and women. Both males and females sweated less in the winter than in the summer. In the summer experiments, sweating capacity corresponded to the level found in partially heat acclimatized Europeans, whereas in the winter experiments the level for the Israeli Jews was significantly lower than that for unacclimatized European controls tested in Britain.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Migraine: A Twin Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan C. Fitzgerald ◽  
Ursula G. Saelzler ◽  
Matthew S. Panizzon
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sex Limitation ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Multilevel Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Swedish Twin Registry

Migraine is a neurological disorder with a prominent sex difference such that two thirds of sufferers are female. The mechanisms behind the preponderance of migraine in women have yet to be elucidated. With data on 51,872 participants from the Swedish Twin Registry, we report results from two distinct analyses intended to clarify the degree to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to sex differences in migraine. First, we fit a sex-limitation model to determine if quantitative genetic differences (i.e., is migraine equally heritable across men and women) and/or qualitative genetic differences (i.e., are different genes involved in migraine across men and women) were present. Next, we used a multilevel logistic regression model to compare the prevalence of migraine in individuals from opposite-sex and same-sex twin pairs to determine whether differences in the prenatal hormone environment contribute to migraine risk. In the final analytic sample, women were found to have a significantly higher rate of migraine without aura relative to men (17.6% vs. 5.5%). The results from an ADE sex-limitation model indicate that migraine is equally heritable in men and women, with a broad sense heritability of 0.45, (95% CI = 0.40–0.50), while results from a reduced AE sex-limitation model provide subtle evidence for differences in the genes underlying migraine across men and women. The logistic regression analysis revealed a significant increase in migraine risk for females with a male co-twin relative to females with a female co-twin (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.26–1.81). These results suggest that the prominent sex difference in migraine prevalence is not entirely accounted for by genetic factors, while demonstrating that masculinization of the prenatal environment may increase migraine risk for females. This effect points to a potential prenatal neuroendocrine factor in the development of migraine.

scholarly journals An Examination of Social Physique Anxiety with Regard to Sex and Level of Sport Involvement

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özgür Mülazimoğlu-Balli ◽  
Canan Koca ◽  
F. Aşçi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Social Physique Anxiety ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Competitive Athletes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference

An Examination of Social Physique Anxiety with Regard to Sex and Level of Sport InvolvementThe primary purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in social physique anxiety among competitive athletes, exercisers and non-exercisers. The present study was also aimed to examine the sex differences in social physique anxiety between men and women. Two hundred and fifty-five exercisers, 261 competitive athletes and 350 non-exercisers voluntarily participated in this study. Social Physique Anxiety Scale (Hart, Leary and Rejeski, 1989) was used as the measure of social physique anxiety. Results of the present study indicated significant differences in social physique anxiety with regard to sex and level of sport involvement. Men had lower scores on social physique anxiety than women, and competitive athletes and exercisers had lower social physique anxiety scores than non-exercisers. Social physique anxiety of males and females did not differ with regard to level of sport involvement.

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