scholarly journals Contribution of Gut Bacteria to Liver Pathobiology

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gakuhei Son ◽  
Michael Kremer ◽  
Ian N. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
First Line ◽  
Ischemic Tissue ◽  
Toxin Exposure ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Emerging evidence suggests a strong interaction between the gut microbiota and health and disease. The interactions of the gut microbiota and the liver have only recently been investigated in detail. Receiving approximately 70% of its blood supply from the intestinal venous outflow, the liver represents the first line of defense against gut-derived antigens and is equipped with a broad array of immune cells (i.e., macrophages, lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells) to accomplish this function. In the setting of tissue injury, whereby the liver is otherwise damaged (e.g., viral infection, toxin exposure, ischemic tissue damage, etc.), these same immune cell populations and their interactions with the infiltrating gut bacteria likely contribute to and promote these pathologies. The following paper will highlight recent studies investigating the relationship between the gut microbiota, liver biology, and pathobiology. Defining these connections will likely provide new targets for therapy or prevention of a wide variety of acute and chronic liver pathologies.

scholarly journals Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer: From Gut to Bedside

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Silva ◽  
Valentina Brunner ◽  
Markus Tschurtschenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Cellular Transformation ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Health And Disease

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex condition with heterogeneous aetiology, caused by a combination of various environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. The presence of a homeostatic gut microbiota is critical to maintaining host homeostasis and determines the delicate boundary between health and disease. The gut microbiota has been identified as a key environmental player in the pathogenesis of CRC. Perturbations of the gut microbiota structure (loss of equilibrium and homeostasis) are associated with several intestinal diseases including cancer. Such dysbiosis encompasses the loss of beneficial microorganisms, outgrowth of pathogens and pathobionts and a general loss of local microbiota diversity and richness. Notably, several mechanisms have recently been identified how bacteria induce cellular transformation and promote tumour progression. In particular, the formation of biofilms, the production of toxic metabolites or the secretion of genotoxins that lead to DNA damage in intestinal epithelial cells are newly discovered processes by which the microbiota can initiate tumour formation. The gut microbiota has also been implicated in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs (conventional chemotherapy) as well as in the modulation of radiotherapy responses and targeted immunotherapy. These new findings suggest that the efficacy of a given therapy depends on the composition of the host’s gut microbiota and may therefore vary from patient to patient. In this review we discuss the role of host-microbiota interactions in cancer with a focus on CRC pathogenesis. Additionally, we show how gut bacteria can be exploited in current therapies and how mechanisms directed by microbiota, such as immune cell boost, probiotics and oncolytic bacteria, can be applied in the development of novel therapies.

scholarly journals Impacts of Habitual Diets Intake on Gut Microbial Counts in Healthy Japanese Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2414
Author(s):  
Takuya Sugimoto ◽  
Tatsuichiro Shima ◽  
Ryuta Amamoto ◽  
Chiaki Kaga ◽  
Yukiko Kado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
The Relationship

Although diet is an important factor influencing gut microbiota, there are very few studies regarding that relationship in Japanese people. Here, we analyzed the relationship between habitual dietary intake surveyed by food frequency questionnaire and the quantitative features of gut bacteria by quantitative PCR and next generation sequencer in 354 healthy Japanese adults. The α-diversity of gut microbiota was positively correlated with the intake of mushrooms and beans and negatively correlated with the intake of grains. The β-diversity was significantly associated with the intake of fruits, mushrooms, seaweeds, seafoods, and alcoholic beverages. Multiple linear regression analysis of the relationship between food groups associated with the diversity of gut microbiota and the number of gut bacteria at the genus level found 24 significant associations, including a positive association between alcoholic beverages and the number of Fusobacterium. These results support that habitual dietary intake influenced the diversity of gut microbiota and was strongly associated with the number of specific gut bacteria. These results will help us to understand the complex relationship between habitual diet and gut microbiota of the Japanese.

scholarly journals Dynamic Change of Gut Microbiota in the Male Bee of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Kai Li ◽  
Liuhao Wang ◽  
Zhengyi Zhang ◽  
Yulong Guo ◽  
Jun Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total Bacteria

The gut microbiota plays a key role in the development and health of bumble bees. Male bees are important for the reproductive activity of a colony, yet there are few studies on their gut microbiota. By using qPCR, we found that significant changes in total bacteria and six important bacteria genera from different developmental age points in males. And we compare the gut bacteria of male bees with workers. The results indicate that Gilliamella, Snodgrassella, and Lactobacillus are the dominant gut bacteria in male bees, which is consistent with the previous studies in worker bees, however, there are more total bacteria in male bees. Another gut bacteria genus, Bacillus may be a probiotic bacteria for reproduction in male bees, although the possible function of these bacteria require further study. This research can provide insight into the relationship between the bacterial community and the physiological health and reproductive capacity of male bumble bees.

scholarly journals Intestinal Barrier in Human Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12836
Author(s):  
Natalia Di Tommaso ◽  
Antonio Gasbarrini ◽  
Francesca Romana Ponziani
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Permeable Barrier ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells and their secretions. The gut microbiota participates in regulating the integrity and function of the intestinal barrier in a homeostatic balance. Pathogens, xenobiotics and food can disrupt the intestinal barrier, promoting systemic inflammation and tissue damage. Genetic and immune factors predispose individuals to gut barrier dysfunction, and changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota are central to this process. The progressive identification of these changes has led to the development of the concept of ‘leaky gut syndrome’ and ‘gut dysbiosis’, which underlie the relationship between intestinal barrier impairment, metabolic diseases and autoimmunity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process is an intriguing subject of research for the diagnosis and treatment of various intestinal and extraintestinal diseases.

scholarly journals Gut Microbial Alterations in Diarrheal Baer's Pochards (Aythya baeri)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xi ◽  
Xinxi Qin ◽  
Yumin Song ◽  
Jincheng Han ◽  
Zhiqiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Microbial Structure ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Relationship

The structure and composition of gut microbiota correlate with the occurrence and development of host health and disease. Diarrhea can cause alterations in gut microbiota in animals, and the changes in the gut microbial structure and composition may affect the development of diarrhea. However, there is a scarcity of information on the effects of diarrhea on gut fungal composition and structure, particularly in Baer's pochard (Aythya baeri). The current study was performed for high-throughput sequencing of the fungal-specific internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) to detect the differences of gut mycobiota in healthy and diarrheal Baer's pochard. Results showed that the gut mycobiota not only decreased significantly in diversity but also in structure and composition. Statistical analysis between two groups revealed a significant decrease in the abundance of phylum Rozellomycota, Zoopagomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Kickxellomycota in diarrheal Baer's pochard. At the genus levels, fungal relative abundance changed significantly in 95 genera, with 56 fungal genera, such as Wickerhamomyces, Alternaria, Penicillium, Cystofilobasidium, and Filobasidium, increasing significantly in the gut of the diarrheal Baer's pochard. In conclusion, the current study revealed the discrepancy in the gut fungal diversity and community composition between the healthy and diarrheal Baer's pochard, laying the basis for elucidating the relationship between diarrhea and the gut mycobiota in Baer's pochard.

scholarly journals Virulent Bacteria as Inflammatory and Immune Co-Factor in Colon Carcinogenesis: Evidence From Two Monozygotic Patients and Validation in CRC Patient and Healthy Cohorts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iradj Sobhani ◽  
Emma Bergsten ◽  
Cecile Charpy ◽  
Mathias Chamaillard ◽  
Denis Mestivier
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Dna Alterations ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Immune Tolerant

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a common disease, the incidence of which is increasing according to Western lifestyle; it remains to have a poor prognosis. Western nutriments are presumed to induce mild inflammation within the colonic mucosa, resulting in the accumulation of DNA alterations in colonocytes through a multistage carcinogenesis process. This suggests that most CRCs are related to the environment. Of interest, fecal microbiota composition has been shown yielding a novel approach regarding how environment changes may impact health and disease. Here, we compare whole shotgun metagenomic gut microbiota of two monozygotic twin sisters, one of whom is suffering from an advance colorectal tumor with a profound disequilibrium of the composition of the gut microbiota due to the overexpression of virulent bacteria such as E. coli, Shigella, and Clostridium species in the colon cancer patient’s feces contrasting with low levels of bacterial species such as Faecalibacterium and Akkermansia usually enriched in the healthy adults’ microbial flora. The disequilibrium in microbiota of the CRC patient’s feces as compared to her monozygotic twin sister is linked to inflammatory and immune cell infiltrates in the patient’s colonic tissue. We speculate on the role of microbiota disequilibrium on the immune-tolerant cell infiltrate within CRCs.

Dynamic change of gut microbiota in the male bee of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Li ◽  
Liuhao Wang ◽  
Zhengyi Zhang ◽  
Yulong Guo ◽  
Jun Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total Bacteria

Abstract BackgroundThe gut microbiota play a key role in the development and health of bumble bees. Male bees are important for the reproductive activity of a colony, yet there are few studies on their gut microbiota. ResultsBy using qPCR, we found there are significant changes in total bacteria and six important bacteria genera from different developmental stages compared to workers bees. The results indicate that Gilliamella , Snodgrassella , and Lactobacillus are the dominant gut bacteria in male bees, which is consistent with the previous studies in worker bees, however, there are more total bacteria in male bees. Another gut bacteria genus, Bacillus may be a probiotic bacteria for reproduction in male bees, although the possible function of these bacteria require further study. ConclusionsThis research can provide insight into the relationship between the bacterial community and the physiological health and reproductive capacity of male bumble bees.#Authors contributed equally to this work.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota and systemic immunity in health and disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard C Lo ◽  
Grace Y Chen ◽  
Gabriel Núñez ◽  
Roberta Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Intestinal Physiology ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Gut Symbionts ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Mammalian Intestine

Abstract The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship. Although the influence of the gut microbiota on intestinal physiology and immunity is well known, mounting evidence suggests a key role for intestinal symbionts in controlling immune cell responses and development outside the gut. Although the underlying mechanisms by which the gut symbionts influence systemic immune responses remain poorly understood, there is evidence for both direct and indirect effects. In addition, the gut microbiota can contribute to immune responses associated with diseases outside the intestine. Understanding the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and the host is thus of fundamental importance to understand both immunity and human health.

The Food-gut Human Axis: The Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 3567-3583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria De Angelis ◽  
Gabriella Garruti ◽  
Fabio Minervini ◽  
Leonilde Bonfrate ◽  
Piero Portincasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Relationship

Gut microbiota, the largest symbiont community hosted in human organism, is emerging as a pivotal player in the relationship between dietary habits and health. Oral and, especially, intestinal microbes metabolize dietary components, affecting human health by producing harmful or beneficial metabolites, which are involved in the incidence and progression of several intestinal related and non-related diseases. Habitual diet (Western, Agrarian and Mediterranean omnivore diets, vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free diets) drives the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolome. Within the dietary components, polymers (mainly fibers, proteins, fat and polyphenols) that are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes seem to be the main leads of the metabolic pathways of gut microbiota, which in turn directly influence the human metabolome. Specific relationships between diet and microbes, microbes and metabolites, microbes and immune functions and microbes and/or their metabolites and some human diseases are being established. Dietary treatments with fibers are the most effective to benefit the metabolome profile, by improving the synthesis of short chain fatty acids and decreasing the level of molecules, such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide, involved in disease state. Based on the axis diet-microbiota-health, this review aims at describing the most recent knowledge oriented towards a profitable use of diet to provide benefits to human health, both directly and indirectly, through the activity of gut microbiota.

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