scholarly journals Icelandic Birch Polyploids—The Case of a Perfect Fit in Genome Size

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Anamthawat-Jónsson ◽  
Æ. Th. Thórsson ◽  
E. M. Temsch ◽  
J. Greilhuber
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Betula Nana ◽  
Dwarf Birch ◽  
Spring Leaf

Two birch species coexist in Iceland, dwarf birch Betula nana and tree birch B. pubescens. Both species are variable morphologically, which has been shown to be due to introgressive hybridization via interspecific hybrids. The aim of this study was to examine if the introgression could be related to genome size. We characterized 42 plants from Bifröst woodland morphologically and cytogenetically. The population consisted of diploid B. nana (38%), tetraploid B. pubescens (55%), and triploid hybrids (7%). Genome size was measured from 12 plants, using Feulgen DNA image densitometry (FDM) on spring leaf buds and flow cytometry (FCM) with dormant winter twigs. The use of winter twigs for FCM is novel. The average 1C-values for diploid, triploid, and tetraploid plants were 448, 666, and 882 Mbp, respectively. Monoploid genome sizes were found to be statistically constant among ploidy levels. This stability is in contrast to the different taxonomic positions of the di- and tetraploids and also contrasts with the frequent occurrence of genome downsizing in polyploids.

scholarly journals Genome size variation and karyotype diversity in eight taxa of Sorbus sensu stricto (Rosaceae) from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Jiabao Li ◽  
Kailin Zhu ◽  
Qin Wang ◽  
Xin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Chromosome Size ◽  
Chromosome Counting ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
First Time ◽  
Karyotype Symmetry

Eight taxa of Sorbus Linnaeus, 1753 sensu stricto (Rosaceae) from China have been studied karyologically through chromosome counting, chromosomal measurement and karyotype symmetry. Genome size was also estimated by flow cytometry. Six taxa, S. amabilis Cheng ex T.T.Yu et K.C.Kuan, 1963, S. hupehensis var. paucijuga (D.K. Zang et P.C. Huang, 1992) L.T. Lu, 2000, S. koehneana C.K. Schneider, 1906, S. pohuashanensis (Hance, 1875) Hedlund, 1901, S. scalaris Koehne, 1913 and S. wilsoniana C.K. Schneider, 1906 are diploids with 2n = 34, whereas two taxa, S. filipes Handel-Mazzetti,1933 and S. ovalis McAllister, 2005 are tetraploid with 2n = 68. In general, the chromosome size is mainly small, and karyotypes are symmetrical with predominance of metacentric chromosomes. Genome size variation of diploids and tetraploids is 1.401 pg –1.676 pg and 2.674 pg –2.684 pg, respectively. Chromosome numbers of S. amabilis and S. hupehensis var. paucijuga, and karyotype and genome size of eight taxa studied are reported for the first time. This study emphasised the reliability of flow cytometry in genome size determination to infer ploidy levels in Chinese native Sorbus species.

scholarly journals Genome Size Estimates and Chromosome Numbers of Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae)

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan N. Contreras ◽  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Flow Cytometry Data ◽  
Carbol Fuchsin ◽  
Cross Compatibility ◽  
Size Estimates

Genome size estimates and chromosome number information can be useful for studying the evolution or taxonomy of a group and also can be useful for plant breeders in predicting cross-compatibility. Callicarpa L. is a group of ≈140 species with nearly worldwide distribution. There are no estimates of genome size in the literature and the information on chromosome numbers is limited. Genome size estimates based on flow cytometry are reported here for 16 accessions of Callicarpa comprising 14 species in addition to chromosome counts on six species. Chromosome counts were conducted by staining meristematic cells of roots tips using modified carbol fuchsin. Holoploid genome size estimates ranged from 1.34 pg to 3.48 pg with a mean of 1.74 pg. Two tetraploids (2n = 4x = 68; C. salicifolia P'ei & W. Z. Fang and C. macrophylla Vahl GEN09-0081) were identified based on holoploid genome size and confirmed by chromosome counts. There was little variation among species for monoploid genome size. 1Cx-values ranged from 0.67 pg to 0.88 pg with a mean of 0.77 pg. Chromosome counts for six species revealed a base chromosome number of x = 17. Callicarpa chejuensis Y. H. Chung & H. Kim, C. japonica Thunb. ‘Leucocarpa’, C. longissima Merr., and C. rubella Lindl. were confirmed as diploids (2n = 2x = 34). Cytology supported flow cytometry data that C. salicifolia and C. macrophylla GEN09-0081 were tetraploids. The two accessions of C. macrophylla included in the study were found to be of different ploidy levels. The presence of two ploidy levels among and within species indicates that polyploidization events have occurred in the genus.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic relationships within the Maghrebian clade of Festuca subgen. Schedonorus (Poaceae), using flow cytometry and FISH

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 052 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ezquerro-López ◽  
David Kopecký ◽  
Luis Á. Inda
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Genome Duplication ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
New Information ◽  
Shed Light

Festuca subgen. Schedonorus is a group of broad-leaved fescues, which can be divided into two clades: European and Maghrebian. We employed fluorescent in situ hybridization —FISH— with probes specific for 5S and 35S ribosomal DNA and genome size estimation using flow cytometry to shed light on the determination of possible parental genomes of polyploid species of the Maghrebian clade. Our results indicate that octoploid F. arundinacea subsp. atlantigena probably originated from crossing of the tetraploids F. arundinacea subsp. fenas —2n = 4x = 28— and F. mairei —2n = 4x = 28— followed by whole genome duplication. However, a large reconstruction of karyotype and genome downsizing has been revealed. Similarly, hexaploid F. arundinacea subsp. corsica presumably resulted from the interspecific hybridization of the diploid F. pratensis and tetraploid F. arundinacea subsp. fenas. Several scenarios on the origin of decaploid F. arundinacea var. letourneuxiana are discussed. This study contributed to our knowledge on the phylogeny of broad-leaved fescues and provided new information on the karyotypes —chromosome numbers, ploidy levels and numbers and positions of rDNA loci— using FISH and genome size estimations using flow cytometry in selected taxa of this important grass genus.

scholarly journals Genome Sizes and Ploidy Levels in the Genus Kalmia

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1426-1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic A. Gillooly ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
North America ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Kalmia Angustifolia ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Species Hybrids

Kalmia is a highly ornamental genus of shrubs native to North America and Cuba and grown as a valuable nursery crop throughout much of the temperate world. Although most species of Kalmia have previously been found to be diploid with 2n = 2x = 24, one species, Kalmia polifolia, has been found to be tetraploid. However, sampling within the genus has been limited, and information on the ploidy levels of specific cultivars is lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the relative genome sizes and ploidy levels of species, hybrids, and cultivars of Kalmia. Flow cytometry was used to determine the relative genome sizes of 67 accessions representing species, interspecific hybrids, cultivars, and chemically induced polyploids. Traditional cytology was used to calibrate genome sizes with ploidy levels. Results showed that relative genome sizes were conserved with 1Cx values ranging from 0.57 pg for Kalmia carolina to 0.70 pg for Kalmia latifolia. Most species of Kalmia were diploid including K. buxifolia (Leiophyllum buxifolium), K. carolina, K. cuneata, K. hirsuta, K. latifolia, and K. microphylla. Although plants of K. carolina (Kalmia angustifolia var. carolina) were uniformly diploid, the closely related, but more northerly distributed, K. angustifolia was primarily tetraploid, providing additional justification for treating these as separate species. An unusual triploid of K. angustifolia f. candida was also documented. Kalmia polifolia included both tetraploid and potentially pentaploid individuals, indicating a ploidy series within this species. Kalmia latifolia cultivars also included one triploid, two cytochimeras, and two chemically induced tetraploids. Overall, polyploidy was more prevalent in Kalmia than previously reported and varied both within and among species. This broader survey of relative genome sizes and ploidy levels in Kalmia provides valuable information for plant breeders and new insights into the systematics and cytogenetics of the genus.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of F1 and F2 interspecific hybrids between dwarf birch (Betula nana L.) and Himalayan birch (B. utilis var. jacquemontii (Spach) Winkl. 'Doorenbos') using RAPD-PCR markers and ploidy analysis.

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Czernicka ◽  
Jarosław Pławiak ◽  
Piotr Muras
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Betula Nana ◽  
Ploidy Analysis ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Rapd Pcr ◽  
Dwarf Birch

Crosses between Betula nana and B. utilis 'Doorenbos' were undertaken in order to obtain interspecific hybrids which could be characterized by wide spreading stems, strong branching habit, decorative clear white bark and an interesting shape of purple leaves. The research purpose was to examine genetic diversity of the 16 F1 and F2 putative progenies by using the RAPD-PCR method and the ploidy analysis. A total of 242 RAPD markers were scored with 24 primers and 220 (90.9%) polymorphic bands were found. In the NJ dendrogram, cluster I consisted of the female parent--B. nana and 12 hybrids and cluster II grouped the male parent--B. utilis 'Doorenbos' with 4 hybrids (F2/2, F1/8, F1/7 and F2/1). The 2-D scaling by PCoA was in agreement with the similarity index, i.e. two hybrids (F1/8, F2/2) grouped with the male parent while others with female parent. Classification of the hybrid plants by chromosome counting demonstrated that 13 hybrids were confirmed with accurate chromosome counts as being diploid (2n=2x=28) and 3 plants (F1/7, F1/8, F2/2) as triploid with 42 chromosomes.

Genome size in 21 Artemisia L. species (Asteraceae, Anthemideae): Systematic, evolutionary, and ecological implications

Genome ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montserrat Torrell ◽  
Joan Vallès
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Dna Amount ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Ecological Selection ◽  
Ecological Implications

Genome size was estimated by flow cytometry in 24 populations belonging to 22 Artemisia taxa (21 species, 1 with two subspecies), which represent the distinct subgenera, life forms, basic chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels in the genus. 2C nuclear DNA content values range from 3.5 to 25.65 pg, which represents a more than sevenfold variation. DNA content per haploid genome ranges from 1.75 to 5.76 pg. DNA amount is very well correlated with karyotype length and ploidy level. Some variations in genome size have systematic and evolutionary implications, whereas others are linked to ecological selection pressures.Key words: Artemisia, Asteraceae, flow cytometry, genome size, nuclear DNA amount variation, systematics, evolution, ecology.

scholarly journals Ploidy level determination of Hedera (Araliaceae) with an emphasis on discussable species (Hedera hibernica)

Caryologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Fallah ◽  
Farrokh Ghahremaninejad
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Petroselinum Crispum ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Internal Reference Standard ◽  
Significant Difference

Genome size is a helpful tool for circumscribing taxa at diverse taxonomic degrees (mostly species) and resolving intricate low-level taxonomies. The correct genome size in Hedera (Araliaceae) has long been discussed, and the ploidy levels of some taxa are still unclear. Twelve accessions of Hedera were measured via flow cytometry. Flow cytometry is a relatively rapid, inexpensive, and credible tool. Fresh leaves of Hedera samples and internal reference standard parsley (Petroselinum crispum) were stained with propidium iodide (PI). Flow cytometry measurements showed that for the accessions of 2CV (3.09 - 6.40 pg), the lowest amount of nuclear DNA was 3.09 pg for Hedera crebrescens (So), while the highest amount was 6.40 pg for H. hibernica “Hamilton,” representing a statistically significant difference. According to this study, the new taxon (H. crebrescens) is a diploid, though this taxon was previously considered H. hibernica (tetraploid).

scholarly journals Identification, Genome Sizes, and Ploidy of Deutzia

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
William G. Hembree ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney ◽  
Nathan P. Lynch ◽  
Brian E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
State University ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
The North ◽  
Voucher Specimens ◽  
First Time

The genus Deutzia, in the Hydrangeaceae family, includes ≈60 species that range in ploidy from diploid (2x) to tetradecaploid (14x). There have been extensive breeding efforts for Deutzia, but this has been limited to a few parental species. Although there have been numerous studies of the cytogenetics of some species of Deutzia, the ploidy level of many species remains unknown, and there are few cytogenetic data available for Deutzia hybrids and cultivars. The purpose of this study was to validate the identification and determine the genome sizes and ploidy of a diverse collection of Deutzia species and hybrids using cytology and flow cytometry. Accessions were identified using the most current taxonomic key and voucher specimens were deposited for each at the North Carolina State University herbarium. Corrected and updated species names are provided for all cultivars and accessions studied. Traditional cytology was performed for roots of representative taxa to calibrate the genome size with the ploidy level. The genome size and estimated ploidy were determined for 43 accessions using flow cytometry. Ploidy levels were reported for the first time for three species of Deutzia including D. calycosa (2n = 4x = 52), D. paniculata (2n = 4x = 52), and D. glauca (2n = 12x = 156). The base and monoploid genome size (1Cx) were somewhat variable and ranged from 1.20 to 2.05 pg. No anisoploid hybrids were documented, suggesting the presence of an interploid block. The information produced from this study are beneficial to future curation, research, development, and improvement of this genus with corrected nomenclature and clone-specific data regarding cytogenetics.

scholarly journals Genome size variation and karyotype diversity in eight taxa of Sorbus sensu stricto (Rosaceae) from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Jiabao Li ◽  
Kailin Zhu ◽  
Qin Wang ◽  
Xin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Chromosome Size ◽  
Chromosome Counting ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
First Time ◽  
Karyotype Symmetry

Eight taxa of Sorbus Linnaeus, 1753 sensu stricto (Rosaceae) from China have been studied karyologically through chromosome counting, chromosomal measurement and karyotype symmetry. Genome size was also estimated by flow cytometry. Six taxa, S. amabilis Cheng ex T.T.Yu et K.C.Kuan, 1963, S. hupehensis var. paucijuga (D.K. Zang et P.C. Huang, 1992) L.T. Lu, 2000, S. koehneana C.K. Schneider, 1906, S. pohuashanensis (Hance, 1875) Hedlund, 1901, S. scalaris Koehne, 1913 and S. wilsoniana C.K. Schneider, 1906 are diploids with 2n = 34, whereas two taxa, S. filipes Handel-Mazzetti,1933 and S. ovalis McAllister, 2005 are tetraploid with 2n = 68. In general, the chromosome size is mainly small, and karyotypes are symmetrical with predominance of metacentric chromosomes. Genome size variation of diploids and tetraploids is 1.401 pg –1.676 pg and 2.674 pg –2.684 pg, respectively. Chromosome numbers of S. amabilis and S. hupehensis var. paucijuga, and karyotype and genome size of eight taxa studied are reported for the first time. This study emphasised the reliability of flow cytometry in genome size determination to infer ploidy levels in Chinese native Sorbus species.

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