scholarly journals Underdominance, Multiscale Interactions, and Self-Organizing Barriers to Gene Flow

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret J. Eppstein ◽  
Joshua L. Payne ◽  
Charles J. Goodnight
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Directional Selection ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
Stabilizing Effect ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Multiscale Interactions ◽  
Diploid Populations ◽  
Isolated Species ◽  
Self Organizing

Understanding mechanisms for the evolution of barriers to gene flow within interbreeding populations continues to be a topic of great interest among evolutionary theorists. In this work, simulated evolving diploid populations illustrate how mild underdominance (heterozygote disadvantage) can be easily introduced at multiple loci in interbreeding populations through simultaneous or sequential mutational events at individual loci, by means of directional selection and simple forms of epistasis (non-linear gene-gene interactions). It is then shown how multiscale interactions (within-locus, between-locus, and between-individual) can cause interbreeding populations with multiple underdominant loci to self-organize into clusters of compatible genotypes, in some circumstances resulting in the emergence of reproductively isolated species. If external barriers to gene flow are also present, these can have a stabilizing effect on cluster boundaries and help to maintain underdominant polymorphisms, even when homozygotes have differential fitness. It is concluded that multiscale interactions can potentially help to maintain underdominant polymorphisms and may contribute to speciation events.

scholarly journals The Trickster Hero in M. Frisch’s Novel My Name Be Gantenbein

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-95
Author(s):  
Ivan V. Kuzin
Keyword(s):  
Classical Tradition ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
Methodological Principle ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Deception Game ◽  
Self Organizing

The article offers an interpretation and analysis of the novel My Name Be Gantenbein, allowing to find an explanation to the genre uncertainty of the work of the Swiss writer M. Frisch. Due to the non-linear stylistics of the narrative, the image of Gantenbein eludes an unambiguous classification in terms of moral and ethical problematics lying on the surface. The hero of the novel turns into a methodological principle that clarifies the fundamental existences of life. In classical tradition, these included the concepts of freedom and law, truth and lies, truth and deception, game and life. The complicated plot makes Gantenbein a functional representative of both freedom and blind law. They create semantic space of self-organizing life. As a result, the character is endowed with properties of a trickster, because he accepts the complexity of such a life at the level of his existence. The investigation reveals that the game, roles and masks create the ideological basis of the story. This framework directs the reader to perceive life in its everyday manifestations, contributing to the development of an antidote to escapism.

scholarly journals Robust microsatellite markers for hybrid analysis between domesticated pigs and wild boar

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Donovan Anderson ◽  
Yuki Negishi ◽  
Rio Toma ◽  
Junco Nagata ◽  
Hidetoshi Tamate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Hybrid Detection ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Cost Efficient

Hybridization between wild boar (Sus scrofa) and their domestic relative, pigs, is a global issue and gene flow between these populations has been known to negatively impact biodiversity with increased aggression, litter sizes, and growth. However, establishing a cost-effective analysis for long-term monitoring of possible gene flow of wild pigs into wild boar populations is challenging due to common alleles at multiple loci and often it is difficult to distinguish boar specific lineages. Therefore, there is a need to select loci with lineage specific alleles for hybrid detection. To determine these loci, we calculated allele frequencies and measurements from successfully amplified loci with DNA extracted from domestic pigs and wild boar populations from the period prior to, and after, the evacuations and disasters in Fukushima, Japan, in 2011, which resulted in an uncontrolled release of domestic pigs. Thirty-two loci showed pig putative alleles suggesting these selected loci can be useful genetic markers. Seventeen loci successfully distinguished pig and wild boar hybridization in Fukushima populations. Identified loci from this study provide a cost-efficient tool for genetic analysis and will provide a wealth of information on how an uncontrolled release of domestic livestock from natural or disasters may impact their wild relatives.

The Need to Reestablish Schools as Dynamic Positive Human Energy Systems that are Non-Linear and Self-Organizing: The Learning Partnership Tree

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 255-268
Author(s):  
Michele Acker-Hocevar ◽  
Marta Cruz-Janzen ◽  
Cynthia L. Wilson ◽  
Perry Schoon ◽  
David Walker
Keyword(s):  
Energy Systems ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Self Organizing

scholarly journals Genomic signatures of local directional selection in a high gene flow marine organism; the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar E Nielsen ◽  
Jakob Hemmer-Hansen ◽  
Nina A Poulsen ◽  
Volker Loeschcke ◽  
Thomas Moen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Marine Organism ◽  
Directional Selection ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
High Gene Flow ◽  
High Gene

scholarly journals Transitions from Single- to Multi-locus Processes during Speciation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P. Schilling ◽  
Sean P. Mullen ◽  
Marcus Kronforst ◽  
Rebecca J. Safran ◽  
Patrik Nosil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Genome Resequencing ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Speciation Continuum ◽  
Statistical Consequence

During speciation-with-gene-flow, a transition from single-locus to multi-locus processes can occur, as strong coupling of multiple loci creates a barrier to gene flow. Testing predictions about such transitions with empirical data requires building upon past theoretical work and the continued development of quantitative approaches. We simulated genomes under different evolutionary scenarios of gene flow and divergent selection, extending previous work with the additions of neutral sites and coupling statistics, allowing us to investigate if and how selected and neutral sites differ in the conditions they require for transitions during speciation. As the per-locus strength of selection grew and/or migration decreased, it became easier for selected sites to show divergence – and thus to rise in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other as a statistical consequence – farther in advance of the conditions under which neutral sites could diverge. Indeed, even very low rates of gene flow were sufficient to prevent differentiation at neutral sites. However, once strong enough, coupling among selected sites eventually reduced gene flow at neutral sites as well. To explore whether similar transitions might be detectable in empirical data, we used published genome resequencing data from three taxa of Heliconius butterflies. We found that allele-frequency outliers and F ST outliers exhibited stronger patterns of LD than the genomic background, as expected. The statistical characteristics of LD – likely indicative of the strength of coupling of barrier loci – varied between chromosomes and taxonomic comparisons. Broad qualitative agreement between the patterns we observed in the empirical data and our simulations suggests that selection drives rapid genome-wide transitions to multi-locus coupling, illustrating how divergence and gene flow interact along the speciation continuum.

Mate Choice, Speciation, and Hybridization

Mate Choice ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil G. Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Genetic Exchange ◽  
Mating Preferences ◽  
Individual Mating ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Isolated Species ◽  
Geographically Isolated

This chapter reviews the ample literature on mate choice and speciation, as well as the more novel topic of mate choice and genetic exchange among species. It begins by discussing the widespread support for the intuitive predictions that mate choice should promote diversification among geographically isolated species, and that mate choice should evolve to minimize drastic loss of fitness through hybridization. The role of mate choice is more complicated when there is incomplete divergence between lineages; depending on their relationship to other traits under selection, mating preferences can act to accelerate speciation through reinforcement, but they can also act to increase gene flow between divergent lineages. Finally, the chapter addresses the relationship between individual mating decisions and hybridization between species.

A self-organizing maps methodology for developing a composite air quality and climatic parameters classification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios Alimissis ◽  
Chris G. Tzanis ◽  
Constantinos Cartalis ◽  
Kostas Philippopoulos ◽  
Ioannis Koutsogiannis
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Linear Method ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Self Organizing Maps ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Self Organizing

<p>Urban climate change affects important aspects of urban life (health, urban environment and infrastructure) through considerable fluctuations in the values of both climatic and air quality parameters. At the same time, in recent years, the networks of atmospheric pollution and climatic parameters monitoring stations have become denser, leading to more information which, if presented correctly, can guide policy makers to achieve sustainable solutions. Compοsite environmental classifications are a credible tool to describe in an easily comprehensible manner the complex interactions of gaseous and particulate pollutants with climatic parameters in different land use types and urban topography. The aim of this study is the development and implementation of a composite climate - air quality classification in order to describe and study their combined effects on living conditions and quality of life in urban environments. By employing pollutant observations from surface stations and climatic gridded data from reanalysis databases, the available data will be converted into groups of cases through a process which is based on a non-linear method of clustering and categorization. An artificial neural network methodology and in particular, self-organizing maps will be used to convert non-linear statistical associations of input data into simple geometric relationships of points in a low dimensional map. This method can create classifications of air pollutants and climatic parameters that group days which follow specific patterns, hidden due to non-linear interactions. The results can contribute to finding a relationship between ambient air quality and climatic variables and subsequently gaining important knowledge in this field.</p>

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