scholarly journals Improving Sensing Accuracy in Cognitive PANs through Modulation of Sensing Probability

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-193
Author(s):  
Vojislav B. Mišić ◽  
Jelena Mišić
Keyword(s):  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Random Choice ◽  
Primary Users ◽  
User Activity ◽  
The Status ◽  
Radio Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cognitive Radio Technology

Cognitive radio technology necessitates accurate and timely sensing of primary users' activity on the chosen set of channels. The simplest selection procedure is a simple random choice of channels to be sensed, but the impact of sensing errors with respect to primary user activity or inactivity differs considerably. In order to improve sensing accuracy and increase the likelihood of finding channels which are free from primary user activity, the selection procedure is modified by assigning different sensing probabilities to active and inactive channels. The paper presents a probabilistic analysis of this policy and investigates the range of values in which the modulation of sensing probability is capable of maintaining an accurate view of the status of the working channel set. We also present a modification of the probability modulation algorithm that allows for even greater reduction of sensing error in a limited range of the duty cycle of primary users' activity. Finally, we give some guidelines as to the optimum application ranges for the original and modified algorithm, respectively.

Towards Security Issues and Solutions in Cognitive Radio Networks

2015 ◽  
pp. 813-834
Author(s):  
Saed Alrabaee ◽  
Mahmoud Khasawneh ◽  
Anjali Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Cognitive Radio Networks ◽  
Radio Networks ◽  
Network Technology ◽  
Spectrum Utilization ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Primary Users ◽  
Radio Technology ◽  
Cognitive Radio Technology

Cognitive radio technology is the vision of pervasive wireless communications that improves the spectrum utilization and offers many social and individual benefits. The objective of the cognitive radio network technology is to use the unutilized spectrum by primary users and fulfill the secondary users' demands irrespective of time and location (any time and any place). Due to their flexibility, the Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are vulnerable to numerous threats and security problems that will affect the performance of the network. Little attention has been given to security aspects in cognitive radio networks. In this chapter, the authors discuss the security issues in cognitive radio networks, and then they present an intensive list of the main known security threats in CRN at various layers and the adverse effects on performance due to such threats, and the current existing paradigms to mitigate such issues and threats. Finally, the authors highlight proposed directions in order to make CRN more authenticated, reliable, and secure.

Towards Security Issues and Solutions in Cognitive Radio Networks

Big Data ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 1326-1346
Author(s):  
Saed Alrabaee ◽  
Mahmoud Khasawneh ◽  
Anjali Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Cognitive Radio Networks ◽  
Radio Networks ◽  
Network Technology ◽  
Spectrum Utilization ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Primary Users ◽  
Radio Technology ◽  
Cognitive Radio Technology

Cognitive radio technology is the vision of pervasive wireless communications that improves the spectrum utilization and offers many social and individual benefits. The objective of the cognitive radio network technology is to use the unutilized spectrum by primary users and fulfill the secondary users' demands irrespective of time and location (any time and any place). Due to their flexibility, the Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are vulnerable to numerous threats and security problems that will affect the performance of the network. Little attention has been given to security aspects in cognitive radio networks. In this chapter, the authors discuss the security issues in cognitive radio networks, and then they present an intensive list of the main known security threats in CRN at various layers and the adverse effects on performance due to such threats, and the current existing paradigms to mitigate such issues and threats. Finally, the authors highlight proposed directions in order to make CRN more authenticated, reliable, and secure.

scholarly journals Frequency Reuse for Coexistence of Secondary Users and Optimum Utilization of Bandwidth

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.20) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
K. Annapurna ◽  
Meghalatha CK ◽  
B. Seetha Ramanjaneyulu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Frequency Reuse ◽  
Call Blocking ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Primary Users ◽  
Call Dropping ◽  
Optimum Utilization ◽  
Radio Technology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cognitive Radio Technology

Cognitive radio technology is a promising technology to address the spectrum underutilization of licensed users, called primary users and extreme requirement of unlicensed users, called secondary users. Day to day spectrum requirement of secondary users is being increased dramatically and results in increased blocking and dropping. Call dropping is more exasperating than call blocking. So to reduce the call dropping of secondary users, some of the researchers proposed channel reservation techniques. But they got improved dropping results at the cost of increased blocking. So frequency reuse is proposed in this paper, which improves both blocking and dropping.      

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

Contemporary Qur'anic Studies in Iran and its Relationship with Qur'anic Studies in the West

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-72
Author(s):  
Morteza Karimi-Nia
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
The West ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Religious Learning ◽  
The Status ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The status of tafsīr and Qur'anic studies in the Islamic Republic of Iran has changed significantly during recent decades. The essay provides an overview of the state of Qur'anic studies in Iran today, aiming to examine the extent of the impact of studies by Western scholars on Iranian academic circles during the last three decades and the relationship between them. As in most Islamic countries, the major bulk of academic activity in Iran in this field used to be undertaken by the traditional ʿulamāʾ; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century and the establishment of universities and other academic institutions in the Islamic world, there has been increasing diversity and development. After the Islamic Revolution, many gradual changes in the structure and approach of centres of religious learning and universities have occurred. Contemporary advancements in modern sciences and communications technologies have gradually brought the institutions engaged in the study of human sciences to confront the new context. As a result, the traditional Shīʿī centres of learning, which until 50 years ago devoted themselves exclusively to the study of Islamic law and jurisprudence, today pay attention to the teaching of foreign languages, Qur'anic sciences and exegesis, including Western studies about the Qur'an, to a certain extent, and recognise the importance of almost all of the human sciences of the West.

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