scholarly journals Using Individual Spectra Simulation for the Study of Pole Figures Errors

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Lychagina ◽  
D. I. Nikolayev ◽  
F. Wagner

Crystallographic texture is described by pole figures. In this paper, we continue to study experimental pole figure errors. In other words it can be named pole figure measurement errors. These errors are connected with the experimental procedure and do not depend on any further computations. In our previous works it was shown that the qualitative behaviour of pole figure measurement errors is similar to peak width determination errors. To check this conclusion a set of diffraction spectra were measured for Mg + 4.5%Al + 1%Zn sample on the spectrometer for quantitative texture analysis (SKAT) at FLNP, JINR, Dubna. Then we simulated the individual spectra and used these spectra for the pole figure extraction and the pole figure error determination. Such simulation enabled to confirm conclusions concerning the main role of the peak width determination error in the pole figure error. Additionally, we simulated individual spectra using model pole figures and extracted pole figures and pole figures errors from those spectra. For this case we also confirmed the same qualitative behaviour of pole figure measurement errors and peak width determination errors. The model pole figures were calculated on the basis of normal distributions.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger Kilian ◽  
Luiz Morales ◽  
Geoffrey Lloyd ◽  
Michael Stipp

<p>Quartz c-axis pole figures are hugely popular for the estimation of various deformation conditions, such as strain state, slip system interpretation or deformation temperature. Most of these relations are purely empirical. Here we present quantitative results of the relation between microstructure and quartz c-axis pole figure data to add to the insights between deformation processes and texture development. We analyze EBSD data of experimentally sheared quartzite (kinematic vorticity number Wk = 0.9, experiments of Heilbronner & Tullis, 2006), a mylonitic quartzite from Eriboll (Wk = 0.5, Lloyd’s pers. collection) and a deformed quartz vein from the Tonale line (Wk = 0.4, Stipp & Kunze, 2008). All samples are composed of deformed old grains and recrystallized (by bulging and/or subgrain rotation) and deformed grains in variable proportions.</p><p>C-axis pole figures can be decomposed into several components (girdles and point maxima) which occupy distinct positions. These components can be related to two simple microstructural parameters, aspect ratio and long axis direction of grains. While the grain shape evolution in each of the samples differ in detail, they have several features in common:<br>1) c-axes of equiaxed grains occupy a position close to the inferred instantaneous shortening direction,<br>2) c-axes of grains with higher aspect ratios contribute to single girdle distributions,<br>3) the girdle position depends on the grain long axis direction,<br>4) grains with long axes parallel to the foliation (inferred XY plane of finite strain) provide highest c-axis concentrations in the center of the pole figure,<br>5) grains contributing to an oblique grain shaped foliation (“freshly” recrystallized, deformed grains) show elongated, peripheral maxima grading into single girdles inclined with the sense of shear and<br>6) grain shapes which relate to antithetic flow (in the low Wk samples), relations 3-5 hold, with the exception that the resulting peripheral maximum or girdle is also inclined against the sense of shear.</p><p>We interpret the individual c-axis pole figure components to reflect contributions from different processes which relate to oriented nucleation or growth (in the case of bulging recrystallization), as well as to a grains’ strain history. This strain history depends on the ratio of how fast a grain is straining (by glide) to how fast it is recrystallizing. The final c-axis pole figure of a polycrystalline aggregate simply reflects the weighted mixture of these components based on the synchronous contribution of each process.</p><p>The individual contribution of each process depends on several parameters (e.g., stress as a driving force for local grain boundary migration, grain boundary mobility, or rate of deformation among others). Since many of these parameters are also temperature-dependent, we suggest, for instance, that the variability of the c-axis opening angle with temperature is merely the result of the temperature different dependencies of the contributing processes. Hence, it is unsurprising that the so-called c-axis opening angle cannot be universally applied as a thermometer and is a good example of unrelated cause and correlation and may be expected to give arbitrary results.</p><p>References:</p><p>Heilbronner, R., Tullis J., 2006 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004194, 2006.<br>Stipp, M. and Kunze, K., 2008  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.041, 2008.</p>


Cephalalgia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 507-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Dahlöf

Premise Ethical considerations are made when an experiment is planned and take a regulatory system of moral principles into account. Discussion Ethical considerations should first and foremost be made in order to protect the individual subject/animal from being exposed to any unethical and perhaps even illegal intervention and to ensure that the experimental conditions used are appropriate. Summary The main role of research ethics committees is to assess the scientific and ethical aspects of submitted protocols and follow up the trial until its closure.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erna Roostin

The family is a group of people or a group of people living in one household because of blood relations, marriage or other bonds, living together in a house headed by a family head and eating in a pot. They interact with each other, have their own roles and create and maintain a culture. The role of the family as the main educator in the family is claimed to work together to educate their children. The main role of the family in educating children is as a foundation for moral education and religious life. The nature and nature of children are largely derived from both parents and from other family members. Family environment is the first educational environment because in this family every individual or a child first get education and guidance. In providing education should pay attention to the development of children. The development of the child is a change in the child where the infinite development of the growing sense of growth, but in it also contains a series of changes that take place continuously and are fixed from the physical and spiritual functions of the individual to the stage of maturity through growth, maturation and learning , there are several periods of development that must be achieved by the child. Therefore the family has a very important influence in the period of child development in order to have a basic knowledge of the ethics and norms that prevail in the community against himself.


Author(s):  
Hideo Hayashi ◽  
Yoshikazu Hirai ◽  
John T. Penniston

Spectrin is a membrane associated protein most of which properties have been tentatively elucidated. A main role of the protein has been assumed to give a supporting structure to inside of the membrane. As reported previously, however, the isolated spectrin molecule underwent self assemble to form such as fibrous, meshwork, dispersed or aggregated arrangements depending upon the buffer suspended and was suggested to play an active role in the membrane conformational changes. In this study, the role of spectrin and actin was examined in terms of the molecular arrangements on the erythrocyte membrane surface with correlation to the functional states of the ghosts.Human erythrocyte ghosts were prepared from either freshly drawn or stocked bank blood by the method of Dodge et al with a slight modification as described before. Anti-spectrin antibody was raised against rabbit by injection of purified spectrin and partially purified.


2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.


2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frosso Motti-Stefanidi ◽  
Ann S. Masten

Academic achievement in immigrant children and adolescents is an indicator of current and future adaptive success. Since the future of immigrant youths is inextricably linked to that of the receiving society, the success of their trajectory through school becomes a high stakes issue both for the individual and society. The present article focuses on school success in immigrant children and adolescents, and the role of school engagement in accounting for individual and group differences in academic achievement from the perspective of a multilevel integrative model of immigrant youths’ adaptation ( Motti-Stefanidi, Berry, Chryssochoou, Sam, & Phinney, 2012 ). Drawing on this conceptual framework, school success is examined in developmental and acculturative context, taking into account multiple levels of analysis. Findings suggest that for both immigrant and nonimmigrant youths the relationship between school engagement and school success is bidirectional, each influencing over time the other. Evidence regarding potential moderating and mediating roles of school engagement for the academic success of immigrant youths also is evaluated.


Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Elizar’ev ◽  
D. V. Lomaev ◽  
D. A. Chetverina ◽  
P. G. Georgiev ◽  
M. M. Erokhin

Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesnt prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.


2019 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Н. В. Фрадкіна

The purpose and tasks of the work are to analyze the contemporary Ukrainian mass culture in terms of its value and humanistic components, as well as the importance of cultural studies and Ukrainian studies in educational disciplines for the formation of a holistic worldview of modern youth.Analysis of research and publications. Scientists repeatedly turned to the problems of the role of spirituality in the formation of society and its culture. This problem is highlighted in the publications by O. Losev, V. Lytvyn, D. Likhachev, S. Avierintsev, M. Zakovych, I. Stepanenko and E. Kostyshyn.Experts see the main negative impact of mass culture on the quality approach, which determines mass culture through the market, because mass culture, from our point of view, is everything that is sold and used in mass demand.One of the most interesting studies on this issue was the work by the representatives of Frankfurt School M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno «Dialectics of Enlightenment» (1947), devoted to a detailed analysis of mass culture. Propaganda at all socio-cultural levels in the form is similar in both totalitarian and democratic countries. It is connected, according to the authors, with the direction of European enlightenment. The tendency to unify people is a manifestation of the influence of mass culture, from cinema to pop. Mass culture is a phenomenon whose existence is associated with commerce (accumulation in any form – this is the main feature of education), in general, the fact that it exists in this form is related to the direction of the history of civilization.Modern mass culture, with its externally attractive and easily assimilated ideas and symbols, appealing to the trends of modern fashion, becomes a standard of prestigious consumption, does not require intense reflection, allows you to relax, distract, not teach, but entertains, preaches hedonism as the main spiritual value. And as a consequence, there are socio-cultural risks: an active rejection of other people, which leads to the formation of indifference; cruelty as a character trait; increase of violent and mercenary crime; increase in the number of alcohol and drug addicts; anti-patriotism; indifference to the values of the family and as a result of social orphanhood and prostitution.Conclusions, perspectives of research. Thus, we can conclude that modern Ukrainian education is predominantly formed by the values of mass culture. Namely, according to the «Dialectic» by Horkheimer and Adorno, «semi-enlightenment becomes an objective spirit» of our modern society.It is concluded that only high-quality education can create the opposite of the onset of mass culture and the destruction of spirituality in our society. It is proved that only by realizing the importance of cultivating disciplines in the educational process and the spiritual upbringing of the nation, through educational reforms, humanitarian knowledge will gradually return to student audiences.Formation of youth occurs under the influence of social environment, culture, education and self-education. The optimal combination of these factors determines both the process of socialization itself and how successful it will be. In this context, one can see the leading role of education and upbringing. It turns out that the main task of modern education is to spread its influence on the development of spiritual culture of the individual, which eventually becomes a solid foundation for the formation of the individual. Such a subject requires both philosophical and humanitarian approaches in further integrated interdisciplinary research, since the availability of such research will provide the theoretical foundation for truly modern educational and personal development.


2021 ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
Chernysh O.O.

The urgency of the researched problem is connected with the growing role of mass media in modern conditions leads to change of values and transformation of identity of the person. The active growth of the role of the media, their influence on the formation and development of personality leads to the concept of “media socialization” and immutation in the media. The aim of the study is to outline the possibilities of the process of media socialization in the context of immutation in the media. The methods of our research are: analysis of pedagogical, psychological, literature, synthesis, comparison, generalization. The article analyzes the views of domestic and foreign scientists on the problem of immutation in the media and the transformation of the information space. In the context of the mass nature of the immutation of society, the concept of “media socialization” becomes relevant, which is the basis for reducing the negative impact of the media on the individual.The author identifies the lack of a thorough study of the concept of “media socialization” in modern scientific thought. Thus, media socialization is associated with the transformation of traditional means of socialization, and is to assimilate and reproduce the social experience of mankind with the help of new media.The article analyzes the essence of the concepts “media space”, “mass media” and “immutation”. The influence of mass media on the formation and development of the modern personality is described in detail.The study concluded that it is necessary to form a media culture of the individual, to establish safe and effective interaction of young people with the modern media system, the formation of media awareness, media literacy and media competence in accordance with age and individual characteristics for successful media socialization. The role of state bodies in solving the problem of media socialization of the individual was also determined. It is determined that the process of formation of media culture in youth should take place at the level of traditional institutions of socialization of the individual.The author sees the prospect of further research in a detailed analysis and study of the potential of educational institutions as an institution and a means of counteracting the mass nature of the immutation of society.Key words: immutation, media socialization, mass media, media space, information.


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