scholarly journals Anatomy of the Episodic Buffer: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study in Patients with Dementia

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Berlingeri ◽  
G. Bottini ◽  
S. Basilico ◽  
G. Silani ◽  
G. Zanardi ◽  
...  

In 2000 Baddeley proposed the existence of a new component of working memory, the episodic buffer, which should contribute to the on-line maintenance of integrated memory traces. The author assumed that this component should be critical for immediate recall of a short story that exceeds the capacity of the phonological store. Accordingly, patients with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) should suffer of a deficit of the episodic buffer when immediate recall of a short story is impossible. On the other hand, the episodic buffer should be somewhat preserved in such patients when some IR can occur (Baddeley and Wilson, 2002). We adopted this logic for a voxel-based morphometry study. We compared the distribution of grey-matter density of two such groups of AD patients with a group of age-matched controls. We found that both AD groups had a significant atrophy of the left mid-hippocampus; on the other hand, the anterior part of the hippocampus was significantly more atrophic in patients who were also impaired on the immediate prose recall task. Six out of ten patients with no immediate recall were spared at “central executive” tasks. Taken together our findings suggest that the left anterior hippocampus contributes to the episodic buffer of the revised working memory model. We also suggest that the episodic buffer is somewhat independent from the central executive component of working memory.

Author(s):  
Oleh Tyshchenko

The article considers performative speech acts (expressives, commissives, wishes, curses, threats, warnings, etc.) and generally exclamatory phraseology in the original and translation in terms of the function of the addressee, the specifics of the communicative situation, the symbolism and pragmatics of the cultural text. Through cultural and semiotic reconstruction of these units, their semantic and grammatical structure and features of motivation in several linguistic cultures were clarified. Collectively, these verbal acts, on the one hand, mark the semiotic structure of the narrative structure of the text, and on the other hand, indicate the idiostyle of a particular author or characterize the speech of the characters and the associated range of emotions (curses, invectives, cries of indignation, dissatisfaction, etc.). Several translated versions of M. Bulgakov’s novel «The Master and Margarita» (in Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak and English) and English translations of M. Kotsyubynsky’s novel «Fata Morgana» and Dovzhenko’s short story «Enchanted Desna» constitute the material for the study. The obtained results are essential for elucidating the specifics of the national conceptual sphere of a certain culture and revealing the types of inter lingual equivalents, idiomatic analogues in the transmission of common ethno-cultural content. This approach can be useful for a new understanding of domestication and adaptation in translation, translation of culturally marked units, onyms, mythological concepts, etc. as a specific translation practices. There was further developed the theory of phatic and performative-expressive speech acts in lingual cultural comprehension.


1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Boilly ◽  
N. Thibaut

During anterior regeneration of Syllis gracilis Grube (Annelida, Polychaeta), the pharynx (pharyngeal sheath, proboscis, proventricle, and ventricle) completely regenerates. Most of the regenerated pharynx (pharyngeal sheath, proboscis, and proventricle) proceeds from direct transformation of the stomodeal invagination. On the other hand, the ventricle seems to come from both the posterior end of the regenerated proventricle (anterior part of the ventricle) and the intestine of the stump (posterior part of the ventricle corresponding to the ventricular coeca).Tile differentiation of the pharynx is precocious and mainly appears in a particular disposition, and a typical evolution of the cells of the mesodermal sheath surrounding the stomodeal invagination. Starting from the 11th day after amputation, the proventricle differs from the presumptive proboscis by a thick mesodermal sheath which forms the radial muscle cells, the transverse diaphragms, and the peritoneal epithelium. On the other hand, the differentiation of the ventricle comes later (17th day after the section was done).


Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Agung Mas Triadnyani

This paper aims to investigate the ideas contained in the short story entitled “Anjing” by Kuntowijoyo. There are two views of society towards dogs. On the one hand, this animal is considered an animal that is loyal to his master, on the other hand dog are often considered a disturbing animal and has a negative connotation. This short story describe how dog can affect the lives of neighbors. The method used is an analytic descriptive method. The theory used is narratologi from Todorov. The result obtained is through living as neighbors, we learn to respect the right of other people


2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 703-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Wynn ◽  
Fred Coolidge

Models of working memory challenge some aspects of Carruthers’ account but enhance others. Although the nature of the phonological store and central executive appear fully congruent with Carruthers’ proposal, current models of the visuo-spatial sketchpad provide a better account of skilled action. However, Carruthers’ model may provide a way around the homunculus problem that has plagued models of working memory.


Mäetagused ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 45-64
Author(s):  
Eve Annuk ◽  

The article deals with the representation of nationalism in Lilli Suburg’s (1841–1923) short story “Liina” (1877). Lilli Suburg was a writer, journalist, pedagogue, and the first Estonian feminist. “Liina” is her most famous literary work, which also belongs among the most important works of early Estonian literature. “Liina” was published in two editions (1877, 1884) and was also translated into Finnish (1892). It is important in the context of Estonian national movement because it is a short story based on the central idea which emphasizes the importance of being Estonian. It became popular among readers and made the author famous. “Liina” is based on Suburg’s German-language diary, and it is an autobiographical short story about an Estonian peasant girl who struggles to remain Estonian. The national ideas represented in “Liina” emphasize the importance of remaining Estonian in an environment where social mobility rather implied Germanization. On the other hand, the national theme in “Liina” represents a gendered viewpoint. Suburg understood the woman as a national subject equal to the man and therefore the carrier of national ideas is a woman – the protagonist called Liina. The article deals with the representation of nationalism and gender in the short story and also with the context of the creation and reception of the work.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
Nikolay V. Kapustin ◽  

Chekhov’s short story “Gusev” is often associated with the work about social dislocation of life as well as with the impressions on Chekhov’s Sakhalin island life. In this case Gusev’s tragical fortune and the monologues of Pavel Ivanovich — another character of the story, are in the centre of analysis. The author of the article deals with the philosophical context of the story, that was not so much researched before. Speaking about the philosophical side scientists usually concentrate on the end of the story — Gusev’s death and the depiction of the beautiful natural world. Actually the story “Gusev” is a philosophical one. The story is structured on the principle of analogy between Gusev and other characters of the story who are all destined to inescapably die. The end of Chekhov’s story is comparable to the final of Pushkin’s elegy “When down the noisy streets I’m walking…”. It brings a positive note in the man’s tragical fate, indifference of nature, unalterable laws of the universe. On the other hand, Chekhov’s characters compared to Pushkin should also face and solve difficulties of daily and social life.


Babel ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang

Abstract The article examines the importance of the reading process in translation, explaining the function of two different reading stances, aesthetic and efferent. I apply Rosenblatt's transactive reading theory to the reading process in translation, using as an example my own experience of translating a Chinese short story into English to demonstrate the complicated role that reading transaction plays in translation. According to Rosenblatt, the meaning of a text is only formed when the reader transacts with the writer by sharing their psychological, social, and language experience through reading. Hence, different purposes of reading in various stages of translation affect greatly the reading process and the interpretation of the text. I realize that when I first read the Chinese story for my personal pleasure, I was led into an aesthetic living-through experience. But in my second reading of the same story for the purpose of translation, I had to adopt a more distanced, more efferent stance in order to search for the implied tone and mood of the work. The re-reading of both the Chinese and the English texts after translation, on the other hand, requires both efferent and aesthetic stances for a linguistic as well as an artistic evaluation. I draw the conclusion that the reading/translation process is necessarily a process of negotiation between aesthetic and efferent stances. A TL text completely identical to an SL text is not producible, not only because of linguistic and cultural differences, but also because of the idiosyncratic nature of the reading transaction. Résumé Le présent article examine l'importance que revêt, en matière de traduction, le processus de lecture, en expliquant la fonction de deux attitudes de lectures différentes: la perception esthétique et la perception efférente. En ce qui concerne le processus de lecture en matière de traduction, l'auteur applique la théorie de Rosenblatt sur la lecture transactive, en se servant, à titre d'exemple, de sa propre expérience de la traduction en anglais d'une nouvelle chinoise, pour démontrer le rôle complexe de la lecture. Selon Rosenblatt, la signification d'un texte n'est clairement établie que lorsque le lecteur s'engage avec l'auteur dans une relation d'échange qui implique le partage, par la lecture, de leur expérience commune des domaines psychologique, social et linguistique. Par conséquent, les différents objectifs de la lecture, à différents niveaux de traduction, influencent fortement le processus de lecture et l'interprétation du texte. L'auteur est conscient du fait que sa première lecture — pour le plaisir — de la nouvelle chinoise lui a fait vivre une expérience esthétique. Mais lors de sa seconde lecture, accomplie en vue de traduire la nouvelle, il a été obligé d'adopter une attitude plus distanciée, plus objective, afin de découvrir le ton et l'esprit dans lesquels était rédigé l'ouvrage. En revanche, lorsqu'il s'agit d'évaluer le texte traduit, tant au niveau linguistique qu'artistique, la relecture, après traduction donc, des textes chinois et anglais exige d'adopter les deux attitudes, tant esthétique qu'efférente. L'auteur arrive donc à la conclusion que le processus de lecture/traduction est nécessairement un processus de négociation entre l'attitude esthétique et l'attitude efférente. Il est impossible de produire un texte parfaitement identique dans la langue d'arrivée, et ce non seulement en raison des divergences linguistiques et culturelles, mais également à cause de la nature idiosyncrasique du processus de lecture.


Author(s):  
Валерий Вячеславович Волков ◽  
Наталья Васильевна Волкова

Цель данной работы - уточнить жанровую специфику британских и российских литературных антиутопий. В центре внимания авторов, с одной стороны, жанрово-теоретический анализ утопий, с другой стороны, анализ содержания и структуры базового дуального концепта «Время: настоящее - возможное будущее» и концептов, смежных с ним. Ключевые концепты интерпретируются по процедурам, использующимся в филологической герменевтике. В результате исследования выявлены отличительные особенности британских и российских антиутопий. Аксиологическое основание «британской» дистопии - стабильность и упрощенность, что каузирует застылость в рамках линейного времени. «Российская» дистопия в романе Ефремова основывается на идеях коммунизма, которые оказалось невозможным реализовать. Рассказ Чехова «Пари» строится в традициях «духовного реализма», центрирует внимание на соотношении секулярного и религиозного путей к «совершенному человеку». The purpose of the article is to clarify the genre characteristics of the British and the Russian dystopian fiction. The work is focused, on the one hand, on the genre and theory analysis of utopias and, on the other hand, on the content and structure analysis of the main binary concept «Time: the Present and the Possible Future», as well as related concepts. The key concepts are interpreted according to the procedures used in the philological hermeneutics. The distinctive features of the British and the Russian dystopias are revealed. The axiological essence of the «British» dystopia is stability and simplicity leading to stagnation within linear time. The «Russian» dystopia in Efremov’s novel is based on the ideas of communism impossible to implement. Chekhov’s short story «The Bet» is based on the traditions of «spiritual realism» and focuses the reader’s attention on the correlation of the secular and religious paths to the «perfect human being».


In the paper, the national and women’s contexts closely interrelated in W. S. Maugham’s “The Unconquered” short story (1943) are being examined. While analysing the ground of the conquest and resistance, it is concluded that war conquering and sexual violence are aimed to establish the men’s power over certain part of the world. In some ways, capturing a woman and occupying the land are considered equal things under the patriarchal rules. With this in mind, any male conqueror tries to reach both of them not only for the sake of victory, but also for approval his status of a worthy member of a men-ruling society (a nation). Next, the role of stereotypes as an engine of all negative phenomena of national and gender non-understanding, in particular, war and various kinds of inequality, is stressed. Tracing the complex relationship between, on the one hand, Frenchmen and Germans, and women and men, on the other hand, it should be token that the final infanticide is multivalued whereas it means the woman’s liberation and revenge for the men’s world, as well as is an apogee of national resistance.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Nweze ◽  
Wisdom Nwani

This study used a novel approach that combined the latency and accuracy scores to examine the relative involvement of inhibition and working memory in two measures of cognitive flexibility - mixing cost and switch cost in 110 Nigerian adolescents. Results showed that inhibition was significantly associated with switch cost. On the other hand, working memory was negatively associated with mixing cost. These findings support the assumptions that cognitive flexibility skills are dependent on inputs from inhibition and working memory processes. Inhibition is involved in the deactivation of irrelevant stimuli during switching trials while working memory is essential to maintain the current rule in sets that require no shifting.


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