scholarly journals PPARs and Adipose Cell Plasticity

PPAR Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Casteilla ◽  
Béatrice Cousin ◽  
Mamen Carmona
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Cell Plasticity ◽  
Adipose Cell ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Adipose Cells

Due to the importance of fat tissues in both energy balance and in the associated disorders arising when such balance is not maintained, adipocyte differentiation has been extensively investigated in order to control and inhibit the enlargement of white adipose tissue. The ability of a cell to undergo adipocyte differentiation is one particular feature of all mesenchymal cells. Up until now, the peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes appear to be the keys and essential players capable of inducing and controlling adipocyte differentiation. In addition, it is now accepted that adipose cells present a broad plasticity that allows them to differentiate towards various mesodermal phenotypes. The role of PPARs in such plasticity is reviewed here, although no definite conclusion can yet be drawn. Many questions thus remain open concerning the definition of preadipocytes and the relative importance of PPARs in comparison to other master factors involved in the other mesodermal phenotypes.

Identity, Community and Belonging in gcc States

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-428
Author(s):  
Miriam R. Lowi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Project ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
National Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

Studies of identity and belonging in Gulf monarchies tend to privilege tribal or religious affiliation, if not the protective role of the ruler as paterfamilias. I focus instead on the ubiquitous foreigner and explore ways in which s/he contributes to the definition of national community in contemporary gcc states. Building upon and moving beyond the scholarly literature on imported labor in the Gulf, I suggest that the different ‘categories’ of foreigners impact identity and the consolidation of a community of privilege, in keeping with the national project of ruling families. Furthermore, I argue that the ‘European,’ the non-gcc Arab, and the predominantly Asian (and increasingly African) laborer play similar, but also distinct roles in the delineation of national community: while they are differentially incorporated in ways that protect the ‘nation’ and appease the citizen-subject, varying degrees of marginality reflect Gulf society’s perceptions or aspirations of the difference between itself and ‘the other(s).’

scholarly journals Evidence for the Regulatory Role of Lipocalin 2 in High-Fat Diet-Induced Adipose Tissue Remodeling in Male Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (10) ◽  
pp. 3525-3538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Guo ◽  
Merlijn Bazuine ◽  
Daozhong Jin ◽  
Merry M. Huang ◽  
Samuel W. Cushman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Tissue Remodeling ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Lipocalin 2 ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Adipose Tissue Remodeling ◽  
Fat Depot

Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) has previously been characterized as an adipokine/cytokine playing a role in glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this study, we investigate the role of Lcn2 in adipose tissue remodeling during high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. We find that Lcn2 protein is highly abundant selectively in inguinal adipose tissue. During 16 weeks of HFD feeding, the inguinal fat depot expanded continuously, whereas the expansion of the epididymal fat depot was reduced in both wild-type (WT) and Lcn2−/− mice. Interestingly, the depot-specific effect of HFD on fat mass was exacerbated and appeared more pronounced and faster in Lcn2−/− mice than in WT mice. In Lcn2−/− mice, adipocyte hypertrophy in both inguinal and epididymal adipose tissue was more profoundly induced by age and HFD when compared with WT mice. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ protein was significantly down-regulated, whereas the gene expression of extracellular matrix proteins was up-regulated selectively in epididymal adipocytes of Lcn2−/− mice. Consistent with these observations, collagen deposition was selectively higher in the epididymal, but not in the inguinal adipose depot of Lcn2−/− mice. Administration of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist rosiglitazone (Rosi) restored adipogenic gene expression. However, Lcn2 deficiency did not alter the responsiveness of adipose tissue to Rosi effects on the extracellular matrix expression. Rosi treatment led to the further enlargement of adipocytes with improved metabolic activity in Lcn2−/− mice, which may be associated with a more pronounced effect of Rosi treatment in reducing TGF-β in Lcn2−/− adipose tissue. Consistent with these in vivo observations, Lcn2 deficiency reduces the adipocyte differentiation capacity of stromal-vascular cells isolated from HFD-fed mice in these cells. Herein Rosi treatment was again able to stimulate adipocyte differentiation to a similar extent in WT and Lcn2−/− inguinal and epididymal stromal-vascular cells. Thus, combined, our data indicate that Lcn2 has a depot-specific role in HFD-induced adipose tissue remodeling.

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor is associated with the development of adipose tissue

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1124-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Matsuno ◽  
Eri Kawashita ◽  
Kiyotaka Okada ◽  
Hidetaka Suga ◽  
Shigeru Ueshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Cellular Adhesion ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Receptor

SummaryUrokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a role in cellular responses which include cellular adhesion, differentiation, proliferation and migration. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of uPAR on the development of adipose tissue. To clarify the role of uPAR on adipogenesis, we examined the effect of uPAR overexpression and uPAR deficiency on the adipocyte differentiation. Adipocyte differentiation was induced by incubation of 3T3-L1 cells with differentiation media containing insulin, dexamethasone, and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthin. uPAR overexpression by transfection of uPAR expression vector induced adipocyte differentiation. In addition, we examined the difference in adipocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from wild-type mice and uPAR knockout (uPAR-/-) mice. The uPAR deficiency attenuated differentiation media-induced adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, we found that the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway attenuated uPAR overexpression-induced adipocyte differentiation, and uPAR overexpression induced the activation of Akt. We also found that an increase of the adipose tissue mass in uPAR-/- mice was less than that observed in wild-type mice. The present results suggest that uPAR plays a pivotal role in the development of adipose tissue through PI3K/Akt pathway.

scholarly journals Adipocytes in hematopoiesis and acute leukemia: friends, enemies, or innocent bystanders?

Leukemia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 2305-2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Zinngrebe ◽  
Klaus-Michael Debatin ◽  
Pamela Fischer-Posovszky
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Leukemia Cell ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Bone Marrow Niche ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Hematopoietic System ◽  
Systemic Level ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The bone marrow is home to well-balanced normal hematopoiesis, but also the stage of leukemia’s crime. Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a unique and versatile component of the bone marrow niche. While the importance of MAT for bone health has long been recognized, its complex role in hematopoiesis has only recently gained attention. In this review article we summarize recent conceptual advances in the field of MAT research and how these developments impact our understanding of MAT regulation of hematopoiesis. Elucidating routes of interaction and regulation between MAT and cells of the hematopoietic system are essential to pinpoint vulnerable processes resulting in malignant transformation. The concept of white adipose tissue contributing to cancer development and progression on the cellular, metabolic, and systemic level is generally accepted. The role of MAT in malignant hematopoiesis, however, is controversial. MAT is very sensitive to changes in the patient’s metabolic status hampering a clear definition of its role in different clinical situations. Here, we discuss future directions for leukemia research in the context of metabolism-induced modifications of MAT and other adipose tissues and how this might impact on leukemia cell survival, proliferation, and antileukemic therapy.

The feasibility of segmentation of protolanguage

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
István Zachar
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Capacities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Fractionation Analysis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Process

An important question in language evolution is whether segmentation as a linguistic process is able to yield compositionality. Segmentation is hypothesized to be a process to bridge the gap between holistic and compositional lexicons. However, to date no thorough analytical method has been provided to test the feasibility of segmentation. In this paper, an analytical model is presented that can predict the probability of encountering various kinds of overlaps by observing utterance pairs, and the probability of finding confirmation in the language for newly extracted segments. Language users start by using a previously evolved holistic lexicon to communicate about simple environments. They segment these holistic utterances to smaller pieces, which can be used as elements of a compositional lexicon. The model reveals that the feasibility of segmentation depends on the definition of counterexamples, i.e. those associations (pairs), which either cause ambiguous extraction of segments, or do not allow segmentation at all. On one hand if inexact overlaps are considered to be contradictory (i.e. causing confusion) to a perfect exact overlap, then the probability is so minuscule that it renders the role of segmentation marginal during language evolution. On the other hand, if such inexact counterexamples are able to be segmented unambiguously due to extra cognitive capacities, segmentation may have a much higher feasibility. Keywords: segmentation; fractionation; analysis; holistic; protolanguage; compositionality

Does peer tutoring in kindergarten exist? Thinking around the tutoring concept.

2019 ◽  
Vol X (4 (29)) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Aneta Babiuk-Massalska
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Preschool Child ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Student Relationship ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article reviews the definitions of the tutoring concept in preschoolers relationships. Can we qualify the relationships of preschool children in learning situations as tutoring? Or maybe a different name would be more suitable for them? Preschoolers are used to learning in a different way than adults and older children. They prefer learning mimicking or playing. They obtain knowldge occasionally an unintentionally. In turn, definitions of tutoring quite precisely contain formulated fortifications that a little child is not able to meet yet. Immaturity of the nervous system limit the level and length of attention span of little child and relatively small, compared to school children and adults number of social experiences can seriously hamper the classification of situations in which children learn from each other as tutoring. While the generally understood master-student relationship, associated with tutoring, is quite often noticeable during childhood collaboration and play in which one child can do more than the other, the more detailed assumptions of tutoring are not as accessible to the observer. For example, it is difficult to talk about the regularity or planned nature of children's relationships. The definition of tutoring also sets specific expectations regarding the teacher's skills, among which are: high interpersonal competences, commitment to the relationship with the mentee, professionalism and responsibility. From a preschool child who would play the role of a teacher, it is difficult to demand fluent speech, not to mention professionalism and regularity. A preschool child, who just start to learn numbers, is often unable to orient himself in time, which makes it difficult or even impossible to plan and systematize his activities. Little child needs adult help in this area.

scholarly journals Project Financing per il recupero funzionale ad uso ricettivo del “Forte dei Pianelloni” di Lerici

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Frroku ◽  
Massimo Rovai ◽  
Caterina Calvani
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Project Financing ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
The Public ◽  
Current State ◽  
Financial Feasibility ◽  
Private Entity ◽  
Definition Of

Project Financing for functional recovery of the “Forte dei Pianelloni” in LericiThe central theme is the Project Financing, a complex financial instrument that can potentially be used to give a new life to a state property with a strong historical and architectural value and in a state of neglect, through the use of public-private partnerships. This evaluation technique makes it possible to understand the economic and financial feasibility of an intervention both for the owner of the asset (the public) and for the private entity that puts the resources for the requalification / restructuring and will own the profits from the management of the asset. Therefore, assuming the role of a Private Financial Promoter, I developed the Preliminary Project and the Feasibility Study with reference to two possible uses. The work was divided in two parts: in the first part the Preliminary Project was a reworking of an architectural relief kindly lent by the municipality of Lerici to expose the current state of the structure adding also hints of history. Then I made two proposals: one hypothesis is a fancy project with Resorts & Suites and the other is a more affordable one with Hostel & Camping; I considered also the differences between the two proposals. To develop the work, the use of a drone for inspections and a 3D printing to create the plastics were also experimented. In the second part that consists in the Feasibility Study was developed through an analysis of the possible positioning on the market with respect to the project hypotheses, the definition of the restructuring, management and maintenance costs. There were also analyzed other fortifications in the Gulf of Spezia, that were already reconverted in other uses. This study highlights the economic and financial feasibility of both design assumptions.

scholarly journals Depletion of adipocyte Becn1 leads to lipodystrophy and metabolic dysregulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Young Jin ◽  
Yul Ji ◽  
Yaechan Song ◽  
Sung Sik Choe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Stress Gene

<i>Becn1</i>/Beclin-1<i> </i>is a core component of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase required for autophagosome formation and vesicular trafficking. Although <i>Becn1</i> has been implicated in numerous diseases such as cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative disease, the role of <i>Becn1</i> in white adipose tissue and related metabolic diseases remains elusive. Here we show that adipocyte-specific <i>Becn1</i> knockout mice develop severe lipodystrophy, leading to adipose tissue inflammation, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance. Ablation of <i>Becn1</i> in adipocytes stimulates programmed cell death in a cell-autonomous manner, accompanied by elevated ER stress gene expression. Furthermore, we observed that <i>Becn1 </i>depletion sensitized mature adipocytes to ER stress, leading to accelerated cell death. Taken together, these data suggest that adipocyte <i>Becn1</i> would serve as a crucial player for adipocyte survival and adipose tissue homeostasis.

scholarly journals Depletion of adipocyte Becn1 leads to lipodystrophy and metabolic dysregulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Young Jin ◽  
Yul Ji ◽  
Yaechan Song ◽  
Sung Sik Choe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Stress Gene

<i>Becn1</i>/Beclin-1<i> </i>is a core component of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase required for autophagosome formation and vesicular trafficking. Although <i>Becn1</i> has been implicated in numerous diseases such as cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative disease, the role of <i>Becn1</i> in white adipose tissue and related metabolic diseases remains elusive. Here we show that adipocyte-specific <i>Becn1</i> knockout mice develop severe lipodystrophy, leading to adipose tissue inflammation, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance. Ablation of <i>Becn1</i> in adipocytes stimulates programmed cell death in a cell-autonomous manner, accompanied by elevated ER stress gene expression. Furthermore, we observed that <i>Becn1 </i>depletion sensitized mature adipocytes to ER stress, leading to accelerated cell death. Taken together, these data suggest that adipocyte <i>Becn1</i> would serve as a crucial player for adipocyte survival and adipose tissue homeostasis.

scholarly journals All for One, One for All! From Events to Organizational Dynamics in Fluid Organization

M n gement ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Anthony Hussenot
Keyword(s):  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organizational Dynamics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Common Frame Of Reference

This article examines the emergence of organizational dynamics in the context of fluid organizational phenomena. To do so, three organizational dynamics are studied: (1) identity, (2) actorhood, and (3) interconnected instances of decision-making. To study how these three organizational dynamics take shape in the context of fluid organizational phenomena, I rely on the events-based approach and a case study of makers operating in a makerspace in the Paris region. The results show, on the one hand, that the collective of makers enacts a structure of past, present, and future events that participates in the definition of a common frame of reference and, on the other hand, that this common frame of reference plays a role in the emergence of organizational dynamics. On the basis of this result, my main contribution is to show the role of the eventalization – that is, the definition, configuration and narration by the actors of past, present, and future events – in the definition of organizational dynamics in fluid organizational phenomena. This article contributes on the one hand to the literature on fluid organizational phenomena, and on the other hand to the literature on makers working in makerspaces.

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