scholarly journals Usefulness of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis in Tracking Two Outbreaks of Invasive Meningococcal Disease Serogroup C in British Columbia

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grahame Quan ◽  
Mark Gilbert ◽  
Samara T David ◽  
Tazim Rahim ◽  
Kathy Adie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Invasive Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Pulsed Field

Two major outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease serogroup C (IMD-C) were identified in British Columbia between 2000 and 2004. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) andporAgene sequencing of all retained IMD-C isolates were used to assess correlations between genotypes and epidemiological patterns. PFGE patterns of IMD-C genotypes correlated with epidemiological patterns between 2000 and 2004 in British Columbia, and demonstrated that PFGE can identify outbreak-related cases. Both IMD-C outbreaks correlated with a respective PFGE pattern. PFGE analysis demonstrated that the 2004 British Columbia outbreak strain in men who have sex with men was closely related to the 2001 Abbotsford outbreak strain.PorAsequencing data indicated low diversity of class 1 outer membrane proteins in British Columbia, and did not correlate with epidemiological trends. There was a trend for outbreak-associated PFGE types to demonstrate higher case fatality rates.

Construction of a genomic map ofMoraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalisATCC 25238 and physical mapping of virulence-associated genes

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
K T Nguyen ◽  
E J Hansen ◽  
M A Farinha
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽  
Southern Hybridization ◽  
Physical Map ◽  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Circular Chromosome ◽  
Pulsed Field

A physical genome map of the Moraxella catarrhalis type strain (ATCC 25238) has been constructed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Macrorestriction analyses of the genome of M. catarrhalis were performed by digestion with the restriction enzymes SmaI, NotI, and RsrII, which cleave the single circular chromosome into 9, 10, and 6 fragments, respectively. The chromosomal fragments generated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis were converted to a linkage map utilizing a combination of partial digestions, and cross-hybridizations. Moraxella catarrhalis, like a number of other respiratory pathogens, has a relatively small genome estimated at 1750 kilobase pairs or about 40% of the size of the Escherichia coli genome. The locations of the four ribosomal RNA operons (rrnLS) were determined by Southern hybridization and by digestion with I-CeuI endonuclease. A number of genes involved in virulence have been placed onto the physical map by Southern hybridization including those encoding the predominant outer-membrane proteins and the chromosomal gene encoding beta-lactamase.Key words: Moraxella catarrhalis, physical map, genome analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, virulence.

scholarly journals Molecular typing of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 (H−) isolates from cattle in Japan

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. AKIBA ◽  
T. MASUDA ◽  
T. SAMESHIMA ◽  
K. KATSUDA ◽  
M. NAKAZAWA
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Pfge Profiles

A total of 77 Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 (H−) isolates from cattle in Japan were investigated by molecular biological methods. Most of these isolates (43 isolates) possessed the stx2 gene, but not stx1. Fifteen bacteriophage types and 50 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles were observed. One isolate was indistinguishable from the human outbreak strain by these methods. This indicates that cattle must be considered as a possible source of human E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 infection in Japan.

scholarly journals New product, old problem(s): multistate outbreak of Salmonella Paratyphi B variant L(+) tartrate(+) infections linked to raw sprouted nut butters, October 2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Heiman Marshall ◽  
H. Booth ◽  
J. Harrang ◽  
K. Lamba ◽  
A. Folley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
New Product ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Voluntary Recall ◽  
Sprouted Seeds ◽  
Paratyphi B

Abstract A cluster of Salmonella Paratyphi B variant L(+) tartrate(+) infections with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns was detected in October 2015. Interviews initially identified nut butters, kale, kombucha, chia seeds and nutrition bars as common exposures. Epidemiologic, environmental and traceback investigations were conducted. Thirteen ill people infected with the outbreak strain were identified in 10 states with illness onset during 18 July–22 November 2015. Eight of 10 (80%) ill people reported eating Brand A raw sprouted nut butters. Brand A conducted a voluntary recall. Raw sprouted nut butters are a novel outbreak vehicle, though contaminated raw nuts, nut butters and sprouted seeds have all caused outbreaks previously. Firms producing raw sprouted products, including nut butters, should consider a kill step to reduce the risk of contamination. People at greater risk for foodborne illness may wish to consider avoiding raw products containing raw sprouted ingredients.

Characteristics of Virulent Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Oregon and Washington

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
TSAI-HSIN CHIU ◽  
JINGYUN DUAN ◽  
YI-CHENG SU
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
The Pacific

Thirty-four virulent strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus containing tdh and/or trh genes isolated from Oregon and Washington coastal water were analyzed for O-group antigens and urease activity, and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Six O serotypes (O1, O3, O4, O5, O10, and O11) were identified among the isolates, with the O5 group (19 isolates) being the most prevalent, followed by the O1 group (9 isolates). Nearly all (33 of 34) isolates were capable of producing urease, which reaffirmed the correlation between urease production and virulence factors of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the Pacific Northwest. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis with NotI and SfiI digestions of the 34 V. parahaemolyticus isolates plus five clinical strains revealed 22 patterns (N1S1 to N20S22), with N1S1 (25.6%) being the most common, followed by N2S2 (10.3%). Nine Oregon isolates were grouped with a 1997 Oregon outbreak strain (027-1C1) with the same serotype (O5), virulence factors (tdh+ and trh+), and genotype (N1S1). Three Washington isolates were found to share the same serotype (O1), virulence factors (tdh+ and trh+), and genotype (N2S2) with a 1997 Washington outbreak strain (10293). The repetitive isolation of virulent strains of V. parahaemolyticus identical to clinical strains involved in previous outbreaks indicates potential hazards associated with oyster consumption. These data may be useful in risk assessment of V. parahaemolyticus infections associated with raw oyster consumption in Oregon and Washington.

scholarly journals Invasive meningococcal disease in children in Jerusalem

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 782-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. STEIN-ZAMIR ◽  
N. ABRAMSON ◽  
G. ZENTNER ◽  
H. SHOOB ◽  
L. VALINSKY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
National Average ◽  
Invasive Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Meningococcal Sepsis ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

SUMMARYNeisseria meningitidisis an important cause of childhood meningitis and septicaemia. Between 1999 and 2005, 133 invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) cases occurred in Jerusalem, 112 (84·2%) of them in children aged 0–14 years. The annual incidence rate in Jerusalem was higher than the national average (2·45±0·6vs. 1·13±0·16/100 000 population,P=0·002). Most of the children (82·1%) were from low socio-economic Arab and Jewish ultra-orthodox communities; mortality was higher among Arab than Jewish children (1·3vs. 0·22/100 000 person-years,P=0·004). A cluster of 10 children with severe meningococcal sepsis (three fatalities) emerged in the winter of 2003–2004. Compared to the other 102 cases in 1999–2005 both meningococcaemia (100%vs. 51%,P=0·003) and mortality (30%vs. 6·9%,P=0·014) rates were higher. Serogroup B comprised 77·6% of the bacterial isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed considerable variability among cluster isolates, but significant resemblance in Arab cases throughout 1999–2005. The increased susceptibility of specific sub-populations to IMD necessitates further evaluation.

scholarly journals Characterization of United Kingdom Isolates ofCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 2633-2637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Connor ◽  
Malcolm M. Quirie ◽  
Graham Baird ◽  
William Donachie
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Phospholipase D ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Caseous Lymphadenitis ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
The United Kingdom

Caseous lymphadenitis is a chronic suppurative disease caused byCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and is responsible for serious economic losses to the sheep and goat industry. Caseous lymphadenitis was first reported for goats in the United Kingdom in 1990 and for sheep in 1991. Recent evidence suggests that the prevalence of the disease within the national flock is increasing. Fifty isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis from the United Kingdom comprising sheep and horse isolates, the original goat outbreak strain, and the type strain were characterized by biotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility, production of phospholipase D, and genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using SfiI and SmaI. All of the isolates were confirmed as C. pseudotuberculosis, and all produced phospholipase D but none reduced nitrate. Restriction with SfiI generated 16 to 18 bands between 48.5 and 290 kb and differentiated six pulsotypes. We conclude that 80% of the strains tested were epidemiologically related to the outbreak strain and that the equine profile was distinct both phenotypically and genotypically.

Multistate Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes Associated with Mexican-Style Cheese Made from Pasteurized Milk among Pregnant, Hispanic Women

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 949-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. JACKSON ◽  
M. BIGGERSTAFF ◽  
M. TOBIN-D'ANGELO ◽  
D. SWEAT ◽  
R. KLOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Control And Prevention

Listeriosis is a severe infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Since 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has requested that listeriosis patients be interviewed using a standardized Listeria Initiative (LI) questionnaire. In January 2009, states and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began investigating a multistate outbreak of listeriosis among pregnant, Hispanic women. We defined a case as an illness occurring between October 2008 and March 2009 with an L. monocytogenes isolate indistinguishable from the outbreak strain by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. We conducted a multistate case-control study using controls that were selected from L. monocytogenes illnesses in non–outbreak-related pregnant, Hispanic women that were reported to the LI during 2004 to 2008. Eight cases in five states were identified. Seven of these were pregnant, Hispanic females aged 21 to 43 years, and one was a 3-year-old Hispanic girl, who was excluded from the study. Seven (100%) cases but only 26 (60%) of 43 controls had consumed Mexican-style cheese in the month before illness (odds ratio, 5.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to ∞ P = 0.04). Cultures of asadero cheese made from pasteurized milk collected at a manufacturing facility during routine sampling by the Michigan Department of Agriculture on 23 February 2009 yielded the outbreak strain, leading to a recall of cheeses produced in the plant. Recalled product was traced to stores where at least three of the women had purchased cheese. This investigation highlights the usefulness of routine product sampling for identifying contaminated foods, of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis to detect multistate outbreaks, and of the LI for providing timely exposure information for case-control analyses. Recalls of contaminated cheeses likely prevented additional illnesses.

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