scholarly journals The Role of the Aceullular Pertussis Vaccine and the Comeback of 'Pertussis Pete'?

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
John M Conly ◽  
B Lynn Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Bordetella Parapertussis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Acellular Vaccine

Pertussis or whooping cough is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused principally byBordetella pertussisand less commonly byBordetella parapertussis(1). Until two decades ago, pertussis in adults was a medical curiosity (2-4), but with the purification of specificBordetellaspecies antigens, the development of reliable enzyme immunoassays allowing accurate serological diagnosis and better understanding of the duration of immunity from vaccination, it has been clearly demonstrated thatB pertussisis a common cause of prolonged cough in adults. Indeed, its incidence has been increasing gradually over the past decade in both adults and adolescents. Given the recognition of the importance of pertussis as a cause of prolonged cough in adults and the advent of the new acellular pertussis vaccines, it is timely to review current concepts of the pathogenesis of pertussis, its epidemiology in adults and the utility of the anticipated impact of the acellular vaccine.

scholarly journals Semi-third-day fever in view of modern medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 192-194
Author(s):  
Marina G. Avdeeva
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Doctor Who ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Capabilities

It is difficult for a modern doctor who relies on a wide range of laboratory diagnostic capabilities to imagine the path of mistakes, insights and delusions traveled by doctors of the past. How exactly through clinical observation the disease was observed. The archival article Half-tree-day fever published in the journal is an example of a clinical and epidemic description of an outbreak of an acute infectious disease, the etiology of which remains unknown. The more interesting are the distinguishing issues of differential diagnostics.

scholarly journals Infectious Disease, Endangerment, and Extinction

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross D. E. MacPhee ◽  
Alex D. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Population Fitness

Infectious disease, especially virulent infectious disease, is commonly regarded as a cause of fluctuation or decline in biological populations. However, it is not generally considered as a primary factor in causing the actual endangerment or extinction of species. We review here the known historical examples in which disease has, or has been assumed to have had, a major deleterious impact on animal species, including extinction, and highlight some recent cases in which disease is the chief suspect in causing the outright endangerment of particular species. We conclude that the role of disease in historical extinctions at the population or species level may have been underestimated. Recent methodological breakthroughs may lead to a better understanding of the past and present roles of infectious disease in influencing population fitness and other parameters.

scholarly journals The Age of Coumarins in Plant–Microbe Interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1405-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis A Stringlis ◽  
Ronnie de Jonge ◽  
Corn� M J Pieterse
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
The Past ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Review Current

Abstract Coumarins are a family of plant-derived secondary metabolites that are produced via the phenylpropanoid pathway. In the past decade, coumarins have emerged as iron-mobilizing compounds that are secreted by plant roots and aid in iron uptake from iron-deprived soils. Members of the coumarin family are found in many plant species. Besides their role in iron uptake, coumarins have been extensively studied for their potential to fight infections in both plants and animals. Coumarin activities range from antimicrobial and antiviral to anticoagulant and anticancer. In recent years, studies in the model plant species tobacco and Arabidopsis have significantly increased our understanding of coumarin biosynthesis, accumulation, secretion, chemical modification and their modes of action against plant pathogens. Here, we review current knowledge on coumarins in different plant species. We focus on simple coumarins and provide an overview on their biosynthesis and role in environmental stress responses, with special attention for the recently discovered semiochemical role of coumarins in aboveground and belowground plant–microbe interactions and the assembly of the root microbiome.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA OF PERTUSSIS IN BRAZIL IN THE LAST FIVE YEARS - 2007 TO 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia De Araújo Sena ◽  
Suzana Ramos Ferrer ◽  
Hygia Maria Nunes Guerreiro
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Information System ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Great Decrease ◽  
Age Group ◽  
National Program ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
National Information

Pertussis is an acute infectious disease that affects the respiratory tract. Our objective was to analyze the data on pertussis from 2007 to 2011 available online on the National Information System of Notifiable Diseases - SINAN (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação). Despite being preventable by vaccination, pertussis still has an incidence of 7.9/100,000 among babies under twelve months, with a lethality rate of 2.4% for this age group. There were no significant differences between sexes. Data analyzed demonstrated a seasonal variation with greater number of cases observed on transition from spring to summer months, October through December. The year 2011 recorded the highest number of cases. The national program of immunization has obtained a great decrease of cases of pertussis and other preventable diseases in children. Nonetheless a greater effort of education and orientation for mothers need to be done to prevent unnecessary deaths.

scholarly journals Clearance of Bordetella parapertussis from the Lower Respiratory Tract Requires Humoral and Cellular Immunity

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 6508-6513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel N. Wolfe ◽  
Girish S. Kirimanjeswara ◽  
Eric T. Harvill
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Bordetella Parapertussis ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

ABSTRACT Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella pertussis are closely related species that cause whooping cough, an acute, immunizing disease. Their coexistence in the same host populations at the same time and vaccine studies showing that B. pertussis vaccines have little effect on B. parapertussis infection or disease suggest that the protective immunity induced by each does not efficiently cross protect against the other. Although the mechanisms of protective immunity to B. pertussis have been well studied, those of B. parapertussis have not. The present study explores the mechanism by which B. parapertussis is cleared from the lower respiratory tract by anamnestic immunity. Serum antibodies are necessary and sufficient for elimination of this bacterium, and CD4+ T cells, complement, and neutrophils are required for serum antibody-mediated clearance. Mice lacking immunoglobulin A had no defect in their ability to control or clear infection. Interestingly, serum antibody-mediated clearance of B. parapertussis did not require Fc receptors that are required for antibody-mediated clearance of B. pertussis. Together these data support a model for the mechanism of protective immunity to B. parapertussis that is similar but distinct from that of B. pertussis.

Acute Infectious Disease Presenting as Acute Renal Failure

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Mactier ◽  
J. W. Dobbie
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Acute Renal Failure ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
The West ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Renal Support

A diverse range of infectious diseases has presented with acute renal failure (ARF) in the West of Scotland in the past five years. Full recovery is possible provided the specific diagnosis is made early and treatment with temporary renal support is combined with effective antimicrobial therapy.

scholarly journals O Antigen Protects Bordetella parapertussis from Complement

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1774-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Goebel ◽  
Daniel N. Wolfe ◽  
Kelly Elder ◽  
Scott Stibitz ◽  
Eric T. Harvill
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Serum Resistance ◽  
Complement Cascade ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Bordetella Parapertussis ◽  
O Antigen ◽  
Complement Component C3 ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Bordetella pertussis, a causative agent of whooping cough, expresses BrkA, which confers serum resistance, but the closely related human pathogen that also causes whooping cough, Bordetella parapertussis, does not. Interestingly, B. parapertussis, but not B. pertussis, produces an O antigen, a factor shown in other models to confer serum resistance. Using a murine model of infection, we determined that O antigen contributes to the ability of B. parapertussis to colonize the respiratory tract during the first week of infection, but not thereafter. Interestingly, an O antigen-deficient strain of B. parapertussis was not defective in colonizing mice lacking the complement cascade. O antigen prevented both complement component C3 deposition on the surface and complement-mediated killing of B. parapertussis. In addition, O antigen was required for B. parapertussis to systemically spread in complement-sufficient mice, but not complement-deficient mice. These data indicate that O antigen enables B. parapertussis to efficiently colonize the lower respiratory tract by protecting against complement-mediated control and clearance.

scholarly journals Strain-Dependent Role of BrkA during Bordetella pertussis Infection of the Murine Respiratory Tract

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 5919-5924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly D. Elder ◽  
Eric T. Harvill
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Redundant Functions

ABSTRACT Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, expresses many virulence factors believed to be involved in infection and disease progression. While these factors as a group are required for infection, deletion of individual virulence factor genes generally has limited effects on the ability of B. pertussis to efficiently infect the respiratory tract of mice, suggesting they may perform noncritical or redundant functions. We have recently observed that a B. pertussis strain, putatively with a mutation of a single gene, brkA, results in a severe defect in vivo. Although BrkA has been shown to be required for B. pertussis to resist complement-mediated killing in vitro, the relevance of these findings to the in vivo role of BrkA during infection has not been examined. Transducing this mutation into multiple wild-type B. pertussis strains allowed us to confirm the in vitro phenotype of reduced resistance to serum complement. All ΔbrkA mutants were increased in their sensitivity to complement in vitro, both in the presence and absence of antibodies. However, these strains differed substantially in their phenotypes in vivo. ΔbrkA mutants of recent clinical isolates were indistinguishable from wild-type strains in their efficient infection of respiratory organs, suggesting that the function of BrkA in these strains is noncritical or redundant. In contrast, multiple ΔbrkA strains derived from Tohama I were severely defective during the first week postinoculation compared to their wild-type parent. This defect was present even in complement-deficient mice, revealing a complement-independent phenotype for the ΔbrkA mutant in respiratory tract infection.

scholarly journals Understanding how temperature shifts could impact infectious disease

PLoS Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. e3000938
Author(s):  
Jason R. Rohr ◽  
Jeremy M. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Information ◽  
Infectious Disease Dynamics ◽  
Human Infectious Disease

Climate change is expected to have complex effects on infectious diseases, causing some to increase, others to decrease, and many to shift their distributions. There have been several important advances in understanding the role of climate and climate change on wildlife and human infectious disease dynamics over the past several years. This essay examines 3 major areas of advancement, which include improvements to mechanistic disease models, investigations into the importance of climate variability to disease dynamics, and understanding the consequences of thermal mismatches between host and parasites. Applying the new information derived from these advances to climate–disease models and addressing the pressing knowledge gaps that we identify should improve the capacity to predict how climate change will affect disease risk for both wildlife and humans.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

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