scholarly journals Peyer's Patches Are Precocious to the Appendix in Human Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Bhide ◽  
K. V. Wadekar ◽  
S. A. Koushik
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles ◽  
Fetal Period ◽  
Cytotoxic Cells ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Lymphocyte Surface Markers ◽  
Immunocytochemical Studies

PP are first visible at∼15.5 wk gestation after which there is a rapid spurt in the development and maturation of lymphoid follicles so that at any given point of time new foci of PP development are continuously formed at a rapid rate. Addition of rows of follicles results in the formation of a PP. Immature PP of younger fetuses have a spongy structure in contrast with the compact lymphoid follicles of mature PP of older fetuses. Immunocytochemical studies reveal that there is a subtle gradation in the expression of lymphocyte surface markers with increasing fetal age. Expression of antigenic markers occurs in an ordered sequence viz. HLA – DR, CD19 (B cell population), CD9 (pre-B cells), CD3 T lymphocytes, CD4 helper / inducer lymphocytes, the CD8 suppressor / cytotoxic cells and lastly, the CD57 Natural Killer cells. The antigens are expressed first on lymphocytes of PP and thereafter in those of the appendix. Our findings clearly demonstrate that the∼5 wk fetal period from 17.5 wk to 22 wk represents a major growth phase in the development of surface markers of lymphocytes in the mucosal immune system of the gut.

scholarly journals Large granular lymphocytes have a promoting activity on human peripheral blood erythroid burst-forming units

Blood ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Pistoia ◽  
R Ghio ◽  
A Nocera ◽  
A Leprini ◽  
A Perata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Accessory Cell ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Large Granular Lymphocytes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Granular Lymphocytes

Abstract Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were fractionated according to the expression of a variety of surface markers, and the fractions obtained were tested for erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) colony formation. BFU-Es were detected in the HLA-DR+ non-T cell fraction, but gave rise to optimum colony numbers only in the presence of a nonadherent, relatively radioresistant cell. This accessory cell was found among the HLA-DR- non-T, non-B cells, a fraction that was particularly enriched in large granular lymphocytes (LGLs). Experiments carried out to assess directly the surface markers of the accessory cell revealed an FcR+, OKM1+, Leu 7+, Leu 11+, OKT4-, OKT8- surface phenotype, which is consistent with that of the majority of LGLs. Peripheral blood LGLs, purified by Percoll density gradient, proved very efficient in promoting optimal BFU-E colony formation. All of these results indicate that LGLs have a potent erythroid burst-promoting activity. Such activity is probably mediated through the release of soluble factors, as shown by the observation that LGL culture supernatants were as effective as LGLs in sustaining colony formation.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity in a lymphoid tumor: coexpression of T and B surface markers

Blood ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Schroff ◽  
KA Foon
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Lymphoid Tumor ◽  
Surface Immunoglobulin ◽  
Hla Dr

Abstract Heterogeneity of leukemic cells was defined in a case of lymphoma. Four phenotypically distinct subpopulations of leukemic cells were identified. One subpopulation was observed to simultaneously express B- and T-cell characteristics. B-cell characteristics included monoclonal IgM (lambda) surface immunoglobulin, HLA-DR antigens, and expression of the B-cell antigen identified by the BA-1 monoclonal antibody. T-cell characteristics included E-rosette formation, expression of the pan-T- associated antigens recognized by the Leu-1 and OKT-11 monoclonal antibodies, and expression of the suppressor cytotoxic T-cell- associated antigen recognized by the Leu-2 and OKT-8 monoclonal antibodies. In addition to this subpopulation, three other phenotypically distinct subpopulations were identified, two of which expressed monoclonal IgM (lambda) surface immunoglobulin. The results of this investigation indicates that three phenotypically distinct lymphoid subpopulations bearing B-cell characteristics, and probably a fourth T-cell subgroup, were derived from a common lineage. These findings suggest that the malignancy involved a lymphoid progenitor cell that may possess diverse maturational capacity.

scholarly journals Role of the microbiome in human development

Gut ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1108-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello ◽  
Filipa Godoy-Vitorino ◽  
Rob Knight ◽  
Martin J Blaser
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Host Development

The host-microbiome supraorganism appears to have coevolved and the unperturbed microbial component of the dyad renders host health sustainable. This coevolution has likely shaped evolving phenotypes in all life forms on this predominantly microbial planet. The microbiota seems to exert effects on the next generation from gestation, via maternal microbiota and immune responses. The microbiota ecosystems develop, restricted to their epithelial niches by the host immune system, concomitantly with the host chronological development, providing early modulation of physiological host development and functions for nutrition, immunity and resistance to pathogens at all ages. Here, we review the role of the microbiome in human development, including evolutionary considerations, and the maternal/fetal relationships, contributions to nutrition and growth. We also discuss what constitutes a healthy microbiota, how antimicrobial modern practices are impacting the human microbiota, the associations between microbiota perturbations, host responses and diseases rocketing in urban societies and potential for future restoration.

Prognostic Value of Immunophenotype Analysis in Patients with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) Treated with All-Transretinoic Acid and Anthracyclin Monochemotherapy.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2345-2345
Author(s):  
Pau Montesinos ◽  
Concepcion Rivas ◽  
Consuelo Rayon ◽  
Edo Vellenga ◽  
Javier de la Serna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Antigens ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Cell Surface Markers ◽  
Cell Surface Antigens ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction: The prognostic significance of the expression pattern of certain cell surface markers in APL is controversial. Objectives: Analyse the impact of the expression of certain cell surface markers on complete remission rate (CR), overall survival (OS) and relapse free survival (RFS) in patients with APL included in multicenter trials PETHEMA LPA96 y LPA99. Material and methods: Between 1996 and 2005, 734 patients were included in these 2 consecutive trials. Induction therapy consisted of ATRA and idarubicin, followed by three consolidation courses of anthracycline monochemotherapy with or without ATRA and followed by maintenance. Bone marrow immunophenotype analysis was performed at local or reference laboratories. Positivity was defined as more than 20% blasts expressing a specific antigen for the following antigens: CD34 (527 patients), CD33 (521), CD15 (520), CD13 (513), HLA-DR (495), CD2 (443), CD19 (433), CD7 (403), CD117 (395), CD56 (392), y CD11b (335). We performed univariate analysis to establish the impact of antigen positivity on CR rate, OS and RFS. Significant values were included in the multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 664 patients (90%) achieved CR. The following variables were associated with decreased CR rate: WBC > 10x109/L, serum level creatinine > 1.4 mg/dl, age > 60 years, ECOG > 1, M3v and male gender. None of the cell surface antigens were significantly associated with CR rate. WBC, creatinine, age and gender were found to be independent prognostic factors for CR. Median follow up was 55 months. OS at 8 years was inferior in those patients with WBC > 10x109/L (67% vs 85%, p < 0.01), M3v (70% vs 83%, p < 0.01), age > 60 (56% vs 86%, p < 0.01), male gender (78% vs 83%, p=0.03), LPA96 trial (74% vs 84%, p=0.01) and CD2+ (76% vs 84%, p=0.04). Age, WBC and gender were independent factors for OS. RFS was inferior in those patients with WBC > 10x109/L (69% vs 93%, p < 0.01), high vs intermediate vs low risk (69% vs 91% vs 95%, p < 0.01), M3v (76% vs 88%, p < 0.01), BCR2 vs BCR3 vs BCR1 transcript (71% vs 81% vs 89%, p < 0.01), male gender (83% vs 90%, p=0.03), LPA96 trial (82% vs 87%, p=0.02) and CD2+ (75% vs 91%, p < 0.01). The risk of relapse category was the only independent factor for RFS. CD2+ APL (115/443 patients) was significantly associated with WBC > 10x109/L, M3v, BCR3, CD34+, CD56+, CD7+, and HLA-DR negative. Conclusion: Of all the cell surface antigens analysed, only expression of CD2 was associated with an lower OS and RFS, due to its association with WBC > 10x109/L. In patients taking part in PETHEMA trials, immunophenotype analysis at presentation does not give additional prognostic impact from the previously established risk factors.

DC-Based Vaccines Show in-Vitro Activity against Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 4276-4276
Author(s):  
Yuen-Fen Tan ◽  
Soon-Keng Cheong ◽  
Chooi-Fun Leong ◽  
SAW Fadhilah
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Dc Vaccine ◽  
Hla Dr

Abstract Chronic Myeloid leukemia is a common myeloproliferative disease. Despite recent advances in targeted therapy, only 7–12% of patients achieve molecular remission. Leukemic cells arrange multiple mechanisms to avoid recognition by the immune system. Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells of the immune system playing a crucial role in the induction of anti-tumor responses. The use of DC is an attractive immunotherapeutic strategy against cancers, especially in minimal residual disease state. In this study, DC vaccine against chronic myeloid leukemia was generated and evaluated in-vitro. Monocytes were isolated and enriched from peripheral blood. These monocytes were subsequently cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with GM-CSF and IL-4 to induce them to become DC. These DC were then co-cultured with tumor lysates obtained from CML cell line in culture medium supplemented with GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF alpha to become DC-based CML vaccine. The generated DC-based CML vaccines retained their DC morphology, showed strong expression of CD 86 and HLA-DR, and were negative for CD14. Mixed lymphocyte reaction indicated that the generated DC-based CML vaccines were capable of inducing proliferative responses to allogeneic lymphocytes. DC-based CML vaccines were shown to stimulate T cells to express DC-ligands, ie CD28 and CD154, as well as HLA-DR, CD71 and CD 25. In addition, the stimulated T cells were cytotoxic to CML cells used to prepare tumor lysates.

scholarly journals Intracellular and Extracellular Roles of Granzyme K

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemieke C. Bouwman ◽  
Kim R. van Daalen ◽  
Sandra Crnko ◽  
Toine ten Broeke ◽  
Niels Bovenschen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Thermal Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Cytotoxic Cells

Granzymes are a family of serine proteases stored in granules inside cytotoxic cells of the immune system. Granzyme K (GrK) has been only limitedly characterized and knowledge on its molecular functions is emerging. Traditionally GrK is described as a granule-secreted, pro-apoptotic serine protease. However, accumulating evidence is redefining the functions of GrK by the discovery of novel intracellular (e.g. cytotoxicity, inhibition of viral replication) and extracellular roles (e.g. endothelial activation and modulation of a pro-inflammatory immune cytokine response). Moreover, elevated GrK levels are associated with disease, including viral and bacterial infections, airway inflammation and thermal injury. This review aims to summarize and discuss the current knowledge of i) intracellular and extracellular GrK activity, ii) cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic GrK functioning, iii) the role of GrK in disease, and iv) GrK as a potential therapeutic target.

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