scholarly journals The Determinants of Pain Revisited: Coordinates in Sensory Space

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L Casey ◽  
Jürgen Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Gate Control ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Control Hypothesis ◽  
Sensory Surface

Ron Melzack recognized that the gate control hypothesis of 1965 was incomplete. This led to the publication of a book chapter that would someday be referred to by some as 'the classical view' of pain mechanisms. However, this paper presented some conceptual problems for research on pain mechanisms by using the term 'motivational-affective' to define a determinant of pain. To facilitate research and eventually improve practice, the determinants of pain need to be identified and quantified more clearly. In the present article, three critical dimensions of sensory experience that define pain and related sensory experiences are identified: sensory salience, affect and motivational dominance. The authors show that each of these dimensions can be measured and are mediated by specific neurophysiological mechanisms. Pain and other somatic sensations emerge from the conjoint actions of these neurophysiological systems and fall within unambiguously defined coordinates of the three-dimensional sensory surface that they form. Pain mechanisms would be better understood if research focused on the physiology and psychology of these fundamental sensory dimensions and included a wider range of sensory systems.

Decomposition of Event-Related Brain Potentials into Multiple Functional Components Using Wavelet Transform

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamer Demiralp ◽  
Ahmet Ademoglu
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Similar Characterization ◽  
Component Identification ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Components

Event related brain potential (ERP) waveforms consist of several components extending in time, frequency and topographical space. Therefore, an efficient processing of data which involves the time, frequency and space features of the signal, may facilitate understanding the plausible connections among the functions, the anatomical structures and neurophysiological mechanisms of the brain. Wavelet transform (WT) is a powerful signal processing tool for extracting the ERP components occurring at different time and frequency spots. A technical explanation of WT in ERP processing and its four distinct applications are presented here. The first two applications aim to identify and localize the functional oddball ERP components in terms of certain wavelet coefficients in delta, theta and alpha bands in a topographical recording. The third application performs a similar characterization that involves a three stimulus paradigm. The fourth application is a single sweep ERP processing to detect the P300 in single trials. The last case is an extension of ERP component identification by combining the WT with a source localization technique. The aim is to localize the time-frequency components in three dimensional brain structure instead of the scalp surface. The time-frequency analysis using WT helps isolate and describe sequential and/or overlapping functional processes during ERP generation, and provides a possibility for studying these cognitive processes and following their dynamics in single trials during an experimental session.

Molyneux problem

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Glenney
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sensory Substitution ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Cube Corner ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
The Look

The Molyneux problem asks whether a newly sighted person might immediately identify shapes previously known only to touch, like cubes and spheres, by sight alone. Over three centuries ago, the designer, William Molyneux, a Fellow of the Royal Society living in Ireland, conveyed the problem in a series of letters to John Locke. Locke soon published the problem and Molyneux’s own ‘not’ answer, in the second edition of his famous work, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Molyneux reasoned that the newly sighted person would fail for having no way to know that the newly seen shapes were like the felt shapes; the feel of the cube corner would not at all be like the look of the cube corner. Many philosophers have agreed with Molyneux’s ‘not’, arguing either that each sense produces concepts unique to it or that new sensory experiences, like those of newly sighted people, are too primitive for identifying three-dimensional shapes. Additionally, early experiments on subjects who have had cataracts surgically removed seem to confirm Molyneux’s supposition, as the newly sighted do not immediately identify shapes known to them by touch. More recent empirical experiments on cataract surgery subjects, newborns, and with technological innovations like sensory substitution devices, suggest support for a ‘yes’ answer to the question, inspiring philosophical and psychological accounts of perception that explain how the newly sighted might succeed in recognizing three-dimensional spatial features by sight.

A Density Functional Theory Study of Coniferyl Alcohol Intermonomeric Cross Linkages in Lignin - Three-Dimensional Structures, Stabilities and the Thermodynamic Control Hypothesis

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Durbeej ◽  
L.A. Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional Theory ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Density Functional Theory Study ◽  
Thermodynamic Control ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Quantitative Correlation ◽  
Control Hypothesis

Summary Density functional theory methods are utilized to investigate structural features and stabilities of the most common lignin dimerization products. It is found that intra-molecular hydrogen bonding acts as a stabilizing force in the lowest-energy conformer(s) of several different dimeric lignin structures. Furthermore, the calculations show that the hypothesis of thermodynamic control of monolignol dimerization accounts for some of the results obtained in experimental studies aimed at determining the ratios of intermonomeric linkages. A quantitative correlation between experimentally observed ratios and calculated relative energies cannot, however, be pointed out.

Pharmaceutical interest of in-silico approaches

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
Pooja Sharma ◽  
Ayush Mahajan ◽  
Ravi Dhawan ◽  
Kamal Dua
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Modeling ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Drug Designing ◽  
Different Types

Abstract The virtual environment within the computer using software performed on the computer is known as in-silico studies. These drugs designing software play a vital task in discovering new drugs in the field of pharmaceuticals. These designing programs and software are employed in gene sequencing, molecular modeling, and in assessing the three-dimensional structure of the molecule, which can further be used in drug designing and development. Drug development and discovery is not only a powerful, extensive, and an interdisciplinary system but also a very complex and time-consuming method. This book chapter mainly focused on different types of in-silico approaches along with their pharmaceutical applications in numerous diseases.

Determining the shape and periodicity of nanostructures using small-angle X-ray scattering

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1355-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Sunday ◽  
Scott List ◽  
Jasmeet S. Chawla ◽  
R. Joseph Kline
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Critical Dimension ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Line Shapes ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Ray Scattering

The semiconductor industry is exploring new metrology techniques capable of meeting the future requirement to characterize three-dimensional structure where the critical dimensions are less than 10 nm. X-ray scattering techniques are one candidate owing to the sub-Å wavelengths which are sensitive to internal changes in electron density. Critical-dimension small-angle X-ray scattering (CDSAXS) has been shown to be capable of determining the average shape of a line grating. Here it is used to study a set of line gratings patternedviaa self-aligned multiple patterning process, which resulted in a set of mirrored lines, where the individual line shapes were asymmetric. The spacing between lines was systematically varied by sub-nm shifts. The model used to simulate the scattering was developed in stages of increasing complexity in order to justify the large number of parameters included. Comparisons between the models at different stages of development demonstrate that the measurement can determine differences in line shapes within the superlattice. The shape and spacing between lines within a given set were determined to sub-nm accuracy. This demonstrates the potential for CDSAXS as a high-resolution nanostructure metrology tool.

THE GATE CONTROL THEORY OF PAIN MECHANISMS

Brain ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.D. WALL
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Gate Control Theory ◽  
Gate Control

Reevaluating Constructivist Norm Theory: A Three-Dimensional Norms Research Program

2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S Lantis ◽  
Carmen Wunderlich
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
The Face

Abstract Constructivist theories of norm dynamics offer a variety of analytical tools to understand the complex processes of norm emergence, diffusion, and evolution over time. As the literature has developed, though, it lacks a general framing of the interconnections between norms, norm clusters or configurations, and principles or “normativity.” This article advances a new three-dimensional model of constructivist theories of norms that emphasizes the spatial dimensions of norm meanings, legitimacy, and impact and identifies promising avenues for research progress. First, individual norms represent a primary intersubjective structural component that is both developed and contested. Second, theories of norm interrelations or norm clusters provide additional critical dimensions of structuration that may promote resiliency in the face of contestation. Third, norms exist within a larger constellation of norm structures, representing the broadest dimension in world politics. Collisions can occur in this environment, but broader normativity and institutionalization often become activated in the face of serious challenges. As demonstrated using the illustration of international responses to the Syrian civil war (2011 till present), only by attending to all three dimensions of norms can we gain a more accurate understanding of real-world circumstances of norm connections, norm collisions, and the variable effects of norm contestation. The article concludes by identifying promising research avenues building from the three-dimensional framework.

Barriers to Accessing Healthcare Services in Developing Nations

2015 ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Hussah Alghodaier ◽  
Lubna Al-Nasser ◽  
Ali Al-Shehri ◽  
Mohamed Khalifa ◽  
Mowafa Househ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Patient Dissatisfaction ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
Utilization Of Healthcare ◽  
Satisfaction Rates

Patient satisfaction with the healthcare services is critical to addressing the barriers to accessing healthcare. Many combined factors are responsible for the poor accessibilities to primary healthcare centers. Less availability of prescription drugs and less thoroughness of care are most frequently associated with high rates of patient dissatisfaction. The low satisfaction rates of patients need to be investigated further to promote prevention programs and increase utilization of healthcare services by patients. The purpose of this book chapter is to analyse the critical dimensions that influence patient satisfaction with primary healthcare services in six gulf countries.

scholarly journals Assembly synthesis with subassembly partitioning for optimal in-process dimensional adjustability

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
BYUNGWOO LEE ◽  
KAZUHIRO SAITOU
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Weighted Graphs ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Structural Assembly ◽  
Optimization Routine ◽  
Complex Structural

Achieving the dimensional integrity for a complex structural assembly is a demanding task due to the manufacturing variations of parts and the tolerance relationship between them. Although assigning tight tolerances to all parts would solve the problem, an economical solution is taking advantage of small motions that joints allow, such that critical dimensions are adjusted during assembly processes. This paper presents a systematic method that decomposes product geometry at an early stage of design, selects joint types, and generates subassembly partitioning to achieve the adjustment of the critical dimensions during assembly processes. A genetic algorithm generates candidate assemblies based on a joint library specific for an application domain. Each candidate assembly is evaluated by an internal optimization routine that computes the subassembly partitioning for optimal in-process adjustability, by finding a series of minimum cuts on weighted graphs. A case study on a three-dimensional automotive space frame with the accompanying joint library is presented.

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