scholarly journals Update in Small Bowel Physiology: Part 1

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 243-254
Author(s):  
RJ Fingerote ◽  
S Churnratanakul ◽  
M Keelan ◽  
K Madsen ◽  
ABR Thomson

The recent advances in clinically important diseases of the small intestine have been reviewed; however, the basis for many of these clinical advances rests with important observations on alterations in the physiology of the small intestine, as well as mechanistic observations of alterations in small intestinal function in models of human disease. In this review a summary of the past year's literature is presented which will draw attention to the considerable areas of progress in small bowel physiology which will soon be translated into an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of a variety of intestinal disorders.

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 503-516
Author(s):  
RJ Fingerote ◽  
S Churnratanakul ◽  
M Keelan ◽  
K Madsen ◽  
ABR Thomson

The recent advances in clinically important diseases of the small intestine have been reviewed however, the basis for many of these clinical advances rests with important observations on alterations in the physiology of the small intestine, as well as mechanistic observations of alterations in small 1nrestinal function in models of human disease. In this review a summary of the past year's literature is presented which will draw attention to the considerable progress in small bowel physiology which will soon be translated into an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of a variety of intestinal disorders.


2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
V. P. Zemlyanoy ◽  
A. B. Singaevskiy ◽  
D. V. Gladyshev ◽  
N. M. Vryblevskiy ◽  
E. M. Nesvit ◽  
...  

The objective is to study acute perforated ulcers of the small bowel, which arise as a complication after operations on the abdominal and pelvic organs.Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of patient’s cases whose postoperative period was complicated by the development of acute perforated ulcers of small bowel.Results. Over the past 20 years, the frequency of this complication increased by 8 times. In the structure of primary nosology, various types of oncological diseases prevail (69.4 %), moreover most patients underwent emergency operations. Most often, this complication occurred on the 4–10th day of the postoperative period, and the ulcers were multiple. Among these patients, there was an extremely high mortality rate of 74.2 %.Conclusion. Considering the significant increase in the number of this complication in recent years and the high level of mortality among patients, a detailed study of acute perforated ulcers of the small intestine of the postoperative period is necessary.


2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-23
Author(s):  
Gabriela Leite ◽  
Mark Pimentel ◽  
Gillian M. Barlow ◽  
Ruchi Mathur

Gut microbiome changes have been associated with human ageing and implicated in age-related diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. However, studies to date have used stool samples, which do not represent the entire gut. Although more challenging to access, the small intestine plays critical roles in host metabolism and immune function. In this paper (Leite et al. (2021), Cell Reports, doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109765), we demonstrate significant differences in the small intestinal microbiome in older subjects, using duodenal aspirates from 251 subjects aged 18-80 years. Differences included significantly decreased microbial diversity in older subjects, driven by increased relative abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, particularly family Enterobacteriaceae and coliform genera Escherichia and Klebsiella. Moreover, while this decreased diversity was associated with the ‘ageing process’ (comprising chronologic age, number of medications, and number of concomitant diseases), changes in certain taxa were found to be associated with number of medications alone (Klebsiella), number of diseases alone (Clostridium, Bilophila), or chronologic age alone (Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus). Lastly, many taxa associated with increasing chronologic age were anaerobes. These changes may contribute to changes in human health that occur during the ageing process.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Yanni Feng ◽  
Ming Liu ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Qingshi Meng ◽  
...  

AbstractWorldwide the incidence of cancer has been continuing increasing. Mucositis of the gastrointestinal tract is a common side effect in patients under chemotherapy. Anticancer drug busulfan, used for treating chronic myeloid leukemia especially in pediatric patients, causes mucositis of the gastrointestinal tract. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are natural products with attractive pharmaceutical potentials. We aimed to investigate, at the single-cell level, AOS preventing small intestine mucositis induced by busulfan. We found that busulfan disturbed the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of cells in the small intestine, damaged cell membranes especially cell junctions, and disrupted microvilli; all of which were rescued by AOS. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and functional enrichment analysis showed that AOS could recover small intestinal function. Deep analysis found that AOS improved the expression of transcriptional factors which explained AOS regulating gene expression to improve small intestine function. Further investigation in IPEC-J2 cells found that AOS acts its function through mannose receptor signaling pathway. Moreover, the improved blood metabolome confirmed small intestinal function was recovered by AOS. As a natural product with many advantages, AOS could be developed to assist in the recovery of intestinal functions in patients undergoing anticancer chemotherapy or other treatments.


2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J Shields ◽  
Jacques van Dam

Technological achievements in the area of endoscope design and development have resulted in instruments capable of advancing beyond the reach of simple gastroscopes. Such instruments, known as enteroscopes, form the bases of small bowel endoscopy. Recent widespread use of enteroscopes have contributed significantly to the understanding of small intestinal pathology and improved the ability to diagnose and treat patients with intestinal bleeding sources.


2022 ◽  
pp. 000313482110545
Author(s):  
Carlos Theodore Huerta ◽  
Antoine J. Ribieras ◽  
Karishma Kodia ◽  
D. Dante Yeh ◽  
David Kerman ◽  
...  

Small bowel perforation is an uncommon but severe event in the natural history of Crohn’s disease with fewer than 100 cases reported. We review Crohn’s disease cases with necrotizing enteritis and share a case of a 26-year-old female who presented with a recurrent episode of small intestinal perforation. A PubMed literature review of case reports and series was conducted using keywords and combinations of “Crohn’s disease,” “small intestine perforation,” “small bowel perforation,” “free perforation,” “regional enteritis,” and “necrotizing enteritis.” Data extracted included demographic data, pre- or postoperative steroid administration, medical or surgical management, and case fatality. Nineteen reports from 1935 to 2021 qualified for inclusion. There were 43 patients: 20 males and 23 females with a mean age of 36 ± 15 years old. 75 total perforations were described: 56 ileal (74.6%), 15 jejunal (20.0%), 2 cecal (2.7%), and 1 small intestine non-specified (2.7%). 38 of 43 patients were managed surgically by primary repair (11), ostomy creation (21), or an anastomosis (11). Of 11 case fatalities, medical management alone was associated with higher mortality (5/5; 100% mortality) compared to those treated surgically (6/38; 15.8% mortality; P < .001). Patient sex, disease history, acute abdomen, and pre- or postoperative steroid use did not significantly correlate with mortality. Jejunal perforation was significantly ( P = .028) associated with event mortality while ileal was not ( P = .45). Although uncommon, necrotizing enteritis should be considered in Crohn’s patients who present with small intestinal perforation. These cases often require urgent surgical intervention and may progress to fulminant sepsis and fatality if not adequately treated.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. e202000934
Author(s):  
Qing Chen ◽  
Kohei Suzuki ◽  
Luis Sifuentes-Dominguez ◽  
Naoteru Miyata ◽  
Jie Song ◽  
...  

Paneth cells (PCs) are small intestinal epithelial cells that secrete antimicrobial peptides and growth factors, such as Wnt ligands. Intriguingly, the context in which PC-derived Wnt secretion is relevant in vivo remains unknown as intestinal epithelial ablation of Wnt does not affect homeostatic proliferation or restitution after irradiation injury. Considering the importance of growth factors in tumor development, we explored here the role of PCs in intestinal carcinogenesis using a genetic model of PC depletion through conditional expression of diphtheria toxin-α subunit. PC depletion in ApcMin mice impaired adenoma development in the small intestine and led to decreased Wnt3 expression in small bowel adenomas. To determine if PC-derived Wnt3 was required for adenoma development, we examined tumor formation after PC-specific ablation of Wnt3. We found that this was sufficient to decrease small intestinal adenoma formation; moreover, organoids derived from these tumors displayed slower growth capacity. Overall, we report that PC-derived Wnt3 is required to sustain early tumorigenesis in the small bowel and identify a clear role for PC-derived Wnt production in intestinal pathology.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Gabriel M. Groisman ◽  
Hector I. Cohen

Systemic amyloidosis frequently involves the small intestine. However, its association with diverticular disease has been seldom reported to date. To draw attention to this rare but potentially harmful association, we herein present an additional case of small bowel diverticular disease associated with amyloidosis.


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 471-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron T. Scott ◽  
James R. Howe

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are increasing in incidence and are now the most common primary malignancies of the small intestine. Despite this increase, the vague presentation and slow growth of these tumors lead to long delays in diagnosis, and many patients present with metastases. Patients with metastatic small bowel NETs have a favorable disease prognosis, particularly when contrasted with other GI malignancies, and benefit from aggressive, multimodal therapy. During the past decade, the options for the diagnosis and treatment of small bowel NETs have increased considerably. This review provides a practical framework for the physician who seek to understand the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of small bowel NETs.


Author(s):  
А.А. Коваленко ◽  
Г.П. Титова ◽  
В.К. Хугаева

Оперативное лечение различных заболеваний кишечника сопровождается осложнениями в виде нарушений микроциркуляции в области анастомоза кишки. Ранее нами показана способность лимфостимуляторов пептидной природы восстанавливать нарушенную микроциркуляцию, что послужило основой для настоящего исследования. Цель работы - оценка влияния стимуляции лимфотока в стенке кишки на процессы восстановления микроциркуляции, структуры и функции тонкой кишки в области оперативного вмешательства. Методика. В экспериментах на наркотизированных крысах (хлоралгидрат в дозе 0,6 г/кг в 0,9% растворе NaCl) моделировали различные поражения тонкой кишки (наложение лигатуры, перевязка 1-3 брыжеечных артерий, перекрут петли кишки вокруг оси брыжейки, сочетание нескольких видов повреждений). Резекция поврежденного участка через 1 сут. с последующим созданием тонкокишечного анастомоза завершалась орошением операционного поля раствором пептида-стимулятора лимфотока (40 мкг/кг массы животного в 1 мл 0,9% раствора NaCl). На 7-е сут. после операции проводили гистологическое исследование фрагмента кишки в области анастомоза. Результаты. На 7-е сут. после резекции у выживших животных (летальность вследствие кишечной непроходимости составляла 30%) имеют место морфологические признаки острых сосудистых нарушений стенки кишки, изменений кровеносных и лимфатических микрососудов, интерстициальный отек всех слоев стенки кишки, дилатация просвета кишки, повреждение всасывающего эпителия ворсин с истончением щеточной каемки клеток, морфологические признаки гиперфункции бокаловидных клеток. Использование лимфостимулятора пептидной природы после операции увеличивало выживаемость животных на 24%. У части животных отмечалось уменьшение расширения просвета кишки, у других практически полная его нормализация. Восстанавливалась форма кишечных ворсин и распределение бокаловидных клеток. Отсутствовали признаки внутриклеточного и межмышечного отека. Отмечено умеренное полнокровие венул. Заключение. Использование лимфостимулятора при хирургическом лечении кишечной непроходимости увеличивает выживаемость животных на 24% по сравнению с контролем, способствует более раннему восстановлению структуры и функции тонкой кишки. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о перспективности использования стимуляции лимфотока при операциях на кишечнике. Surgical treatment of bowel diseases is associated with complications that cause microcirculatory disturbances in the anastomosis area and may lead to a fatal outcome. This study was based on our previous finding that peptide-type lymphatic stimulators are able to restore impaired microcirculation. The aim of this work was stimulating the lymph flow in the intestinal wall to facilitate recovery of microcirculation, structure and function of the small intestine in the area of surgical intervention. Methods. In experiments on anesthetized rats (0.6 g/kg chloral hydrate in 0.9% NaCl), various small bowel lesions were modeled (bowel ligation, ligation of 1-3 mesenteric arteries, gut torsion, combination of several lesion types). In 24 h, the damaged area was resected, and a small intestine anastomosis was creased. The surgery was completed with irrigation of the operative field with a solution of lymph flow stimulating peptide (40 мg/kg body weight in 1 ml of 0.9% NaCl). A gut fragment from the anastomosis area was examined histologically on day 7 after the surgery. Results. On the 7th day after removing the intestinal obstruction, the surviving animals (lethality 30%) had morphological signs of acute vascular disorders in the intestinal wall; changes in blood and lymphatic microvessels; interstitial edema of all intestinal wall layers; dilatation of the intestinal lumen; damage to the absorptive epithelium of villi with thinning of the brush border, and hyperfunction of mucous (goblet) cells. The use of the peptide after surgery increased the survival rate of animals by 24% and provided a smaller dilatation of the intestinal lumen in some animals. In other animals, the lumen recovered. The shape of intestinal villi and distribution of goblet cells were restored. Signs of intracellular and intermuscular edema were absent. Moderate venular congestion was noticed. Conclusion. Using the lymphatic stimulator in surgical treatment of intestinal obstruction increases the survival rate of animals by 24% compared to the control, facilitates earlier restoration of the small intestine structure and function. The obtained results indicated the effectiveness of lymphatic stimulation in intestinal surgery.


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