scholarly journals Sexual Competition For Space of the Parasite Xenos Pallidus Brues in Male Polistes Annularis (L.) (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae, and Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Dunkle
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Competition For Space ◽  
Polistes Annularis

scholarly journals The effect of colonization dynamics in competition for space in metacommunities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Arroyo-Esquivel ◽  
Nathan G. Marculis ◽  
Alan Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Time ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Competition For Space ◽  
Time Modeling ◽  
Functional Forms ◽  
Colonization Dynamics ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Metacommunity Dynamics

AbstractOne of the main factors that determines habitat suitability for sessile and territorial organisms is the presence or absence of another competing individual in that habitat. This type of competition arises in populations occupying patches in a metacommunity. Previous studies have looked at this process using a continuous-time modeling framework, where colonizations and extinctions occur simultaneously. However, different colonization processes may be performed by different species, which may affect the metacommunity dynamics. We address this issue by developing a discrete-time framework that describes these kinds of metacommunity interactions, and we consider different colonization dynamics. To understand potential dynamics, we consider specific functional forms that characterize the colonization and extinction processes of metapopulations competing for space as their limiting factor. We then provide a mathematical analysis of the models generated by this framework, and we compare these results to what is seen in nature and in previous models.

scholarly journals Sex difference in travel is concentrated in adolescence and tracks reproductive interests

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1796) ◽  
pp. 20141476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Miner ◽  
Michael Gurven ◽  
Hillard Kaplan ◽  
Steven J. C. Gaulin
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Market Town ◽  
Sexual Selection Theory ◽  
Women's Travel ◽  
The Life Course

Sexual selection theory suggests that the sex with a higher potential reproductive rate will compete more strongly for access to mates. Stronger intra-sexual competition for mates may explain why males travel more extensively than females in many terrestrial vertebrates. A male-bias in lifetime distance travelled is a purported human universal, although this claim is based primarily on anecdotes. Following sexual maturity, motivation to travel outside the natal territory may vary over the life course for both sexes. Here, we test whether travel behaviour among Tsimane forager–horticulturalists is associated with shifting reproductive priorities across the lifespan. Using structured interviews, we find that sex differences in travel peak during adolescence when men and women are most intensively searching for mates. Among married adults, we find that greater offspring dependency load is associated with reduced travel among women, but not men. Married men are more likely to travel alone than women, but only to the nearest market town and not to other Tsimane villages. We conclude that men's and women's travel behaviour reflects differential gains from mate search and parenting across the life course.

scholarly journals Chest beats as an honest signal of body size in male mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Wright ◽  
Sven Grawunder ◽  
Eric Ndayishimiye ◽  
Jordi Galbany ◽  
Shannon C. McFarlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Honest Signal ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Mountain Gorillas ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Gorilla Beringei Beringei ◽  
Vocal Signals

AbstractAcoustic signals that reliably indicate body size, which usually determines competitive ability, are of particular interest for understanding how animals assess rivals and choose mates. Whereas body size tends to be negatively associated with formant dispersion in animal vocalizations, non-vocal signals have received little attention. Among the most emblematic sounds in the animal kingdom is the chest beat of gorillas, a non-vocal signal that is thought to be important in intra and inter-sexual competition, yet it is unclear whether it reliably indicates body size. We examined the relationship among body size (back breadth), peak frequency, and three temporal characteristics of the chest beat: duration, number of beats and beat rate from sound recordings of wild adult male mountain gorillas. Using linear mixed models, we found that larger males had significantly lower peak frequencies than smaller ones, but we found no consistent relationship between body size and the temporal characteristics measured. Taken together with earlier findings of positive correlations among male body size, dominance rank and reproductive success, we conclude that the gorilla chest beat is an honest signal of competitive ability. These results emphasize the potential of non-vocal signals to convey important information in mammal communication.

scholarly journals Sexual Interference Behaviors in Male Adult and Subadult Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 663
Author(s):  
Kui-Hai Pang ◽  
Amanda K. Rowe ◽  
Lori K. Sheeran ◽  
Dong-Po Xia ◽  
Lixing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Mating Season ◽  
Macaca Thibetana ◽  
Subadult Male ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Sexual Interference ◽  
The Individual

Male nonhuman primate sexual interference, which includes copulation interruption and copulation harassment, has been related to reproductive success, but its significance has been challenging to test. Copulation interruption results in the termination of a copulation before ejaculation, whereas copulation harassment does not. We conducted this study using the all-occurrence behavior sampling method on sexual interference behaviors of seven adult and four subadult male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) in mating and non-mating seasons at Mt. Huangshan, China, from August 2016 to May 2017. Our results showed that males’ individual proportion of copulation interruption and harassment was higher during the mating season than during the non-mating season. In addition, dominant males more often performed interruption, whereas subordinate males more often performed harassment. We found no difference in the individual proportion of copulation interruption or harassment between adult and subadult males. Adult and subadult males both directed copulation interruption and harassment more often toward the mating male than toward the mating female. Lastly, the post-ejaculation phase of copulation was shorter when copulation harassment occurred than when it did not. Our results suggest that sexual interference may be an important mating tactic that adult and subadult males use in male–male sexual competition.

The Rhetoric of Chartist Domesticity: Gender, Language, and Class in the 1830s and 1840s

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Clark
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The Rich

Who are compelling women and tender babes to procure the means of subsistence in the cotton factories—to be nipt in the bud, to be sacrificed at the shrine of Moloch? They are the rich, the capitalists. [Speech by Mr. Deegan, Chartist, at Stalybridge, 1839]A [Malthusian] pretended philosophy . . . crushes, through the bitter privations it inflicts upon us, the energies of our manhood, making our hearths desolate, our homes wretched, inflicting upon our heart's companions an eternal round of sorrow and despair. [Letter from George Harney to Yorkshire Chartists, 1838]Toryism just means ignorant children in rags, a drunken husband, and an unhappy wife. Chartism is to have a happy home, and smiling, intelligent, and happy families. [Speech by Mr. Macfarlane to Glasgow Chartists, 1839]Chartist political rhetoric was pervaded by images of domestic misery typified in these quotes. Historians have traditionally understood this stress on domesticity as a simple response to the Industrial Revolution's disruption of the home, either denigrating it as inchoate proletarian rage or celebrating it as a heroic defense of the working-class family. But domestic discontent was nothing new in the 1830s, for drink, wife beating, and sexual competition in the workplace had plagued plebeians for decades—if not centuries. Why then did it become such a potent political issue in the 1830s and 1840s? Following Gareth Stedman Jones, the question must be answered by analyzing Chartist domesticity not just as a reflection of social and economic changes, but as a trope that performed specific political functions in Chartist language.

New Devonian microconchids (Tentaculita) from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Zatoń ◽  
Wojciech Krawczyński
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Soft Bottom ◽  
Holy Cross Mountains ◽  
Competition For Space ◽  
High Sedimentation ◽  
New Material ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Hard Substrates

Tentaculitoid microconchid tubeworms from Devonian (uppermost Emsian-upper Givetian) deposits of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, include three new species from stratigraphically well-constrained lithological units:Polonoconchus skalensisn. gen. n. sp.,Palaeoconchus sanctacrucensisn. sp. andMicroconchus vinnin. sp. The microconchids inhabited fully marine environments during transgressive pulses, as is evidenced from facies and associated fossils.Polonoconchus skalensisn. gen. n. sp. andPalaeoconchus sanctacrucensisn. sp. inhabited secondary firm- to hard-substrates in deeper-water, soft-bottom environments. They developed planispiral, completely substrate-cemented tubes and planispiral tubes with elevated apertures, which is indicative of environments where sedimentation rate is low but competition for space (by overgrowth) may be high.Microconchus vinnin. sp., on the other hand, developed a helically coiled distal portion of the tube as a response to a high sedimentation rate. As the taxonomic composition of Devonian microconchids is poorly recognized at both regional and global scales, this new material contributes significantly to our understanding of the diversity of these extinct tube-dwelling encrusters.

The physical relationships of the abdominal organs in the pregnant ewe

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Competition For Space ◽  
Abdominal Organs ◽  
Abdominal Content ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYFive non-pregnant ewes and seventeen ewes at various stages of pregnancy were fed on a medium quality hay for several weeks before being slaughtered and frozen. Each ewe was sawn into 5 cm cross-sections.The sections were photographed. The uterus was extracted from the sections and its volume measured. Volumes of reticulo-rumen contents, intestinal contents and abdominal fat were estimated from the photographs.Models of the uterus and rumen were constructed and examples of these and of the photographs are shown.The volume of the uterus increased steadily as pregnancy progressed, but rumen volume was not reciprocally depressed until the last 5 weeks of pregnancy. Volume of digesta was inversely related to volume of incompressible abdominal content (uterus and fat). Abdominal fat was a particularly important factor in the depression of rumen capacity in pregnancy when there was great competition for space in the abdomen.

scholarly journals Sex-biased immunity is driven by relative differences in reproductive investment

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1790) ◽  
pp. 20140333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal M. Vincent ◽  
Darryl T. Gwynne
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Paternal Investment ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Relative Differences

Sex differences in immunity are often observed, with males generally having a weaker immune system than females. However, recent data in a sex-role-reversed species in which females compete to mate with males suggest that sexually competitive females have a weaker immune response. These findings support the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in immunity has evolved in response to sex-specific fitness returns of investment in traits such as parental investment and longevity, but the scarcity of data in sex-reversed species prevents us from drawing general conclusions. Using an insect species in which males make a large but variable parental investment in their offspring, we use two indicators of immunocompetence to test the hypothesis that sex-biased immunity is determined by differences in parental investment. We found that when the value of paternal investment was experimentally increased, male immune investment became relatively greater than that of females. Thus, in this system, in which the direction of sexual competition is plastic, the direction of sex-biased immunity is also plastic and appears to track relative parental investment.

Population size structure and sex ratios in some woodlice (Crustacea: Oniscidae) from southern Africa

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Dangerfield ◽  
S. R. Telford
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Population Size Structure ◽  
Adult Sex Ratio

ABSTRACTThe population size structure and adult sex ratio were recorded for four indigenous and one introduced species of terrestrial isopod from southern Africa. Interspecific variation was considerable with either discrete or continuous distributions indicative of the production of separate cohorts or continuous recruitment. Intraspecific variation was also considerable particularly in species such as Aphiloscia vilis which can be found in diverse habitats. Sex ratios were consistently female biased, a result consistent with observations made on temperate species. These observations, and a consideration of sexual dimorphism based on body mass, suggest that phenotypic plasticity may be an important tactic in the life histories of tropical woodlice and that in some populations the potential exists for strong sexual competition and complex mating systems.

Cellular Automaton Models of Interspecific Competition for Space--The Effect of Pattern on Process

1992 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Silvertown ◽  
Senino Holtier ◽  
Jeff Johnson ◽  
Pam Dale
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Competition For Space
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