scholarly journals Next generation X-ray detectors for in-house XRD

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeyoshi Taguchi ◽  
Christian Brönnimann ◽  
Eric F. Eikenberry
Keyword(s):  
Generation X ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Large Area ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Array Detectors ◽  
Good Signal

A novel type X-ray detector, called PILATUS, has been developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut in Switzerland during the last decade. PILATUS detectors are two-dimensional hybrid pixel array detectors, which operate in single-photon counting mode. PILATUS detectors feature a very wide dynamic range (1:1 000 000), very short readout time (<3.0 ms), no readout noise, and very high counting rate (>2×106counts/s/pixel). In addition, a lower energy threshold can be set in order to suppress fluorescence background from the sample, thus a very good signal-to-noise ratio is achieved. The combination of these features for area detectors is unique and thus the PILATUS detectors are considered to be the next generation X-ray detectors. The basic building block of all the detectors is the PILATUS module having an active area of 83.8×33.5 mm2. The PILATUS 100K is a complete detector system with one module. PILATUS detector systems can have other configurations, including large area systems consisting of 20 to 60 modules that can cover up to an area of 431×448 mm2. Such large systems are mainly used for macromolecular structure determination, such as protein crystallography and small angle X-ray scattering. The PILATUS 100K detector can be easily adapted to many systems; the single-module detector is integrated to an in-house X-ray diffraction (XRD) system. Examples of XRD measurements with the PILATUS 100K detector are given.

scholarly journals High resolution X-ray micro-CT imaging of fibrin scaffold using large area single photon counting detector

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. C12006-C12006 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vavřík ◽  
D. Kytýř ◽  
S. Mühleder ◽  
M. Vopálenský ◽  
P. Beneš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Photon Counting Detector ◽  
Fibrin Scaffold

scholarly journals Development of low-energy X-ray detectors using LGAD sensors

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1226-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Andrä ◽  
Jiaguo Zhang ◽  
Anna Bergamaschi ◽  
Rebecca Barten ◽  
Camelia Borca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Internal Gain ◽  
Silicon Sensors

Recent advances in segmented low-gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) make them promising for the position-sensitive detection of low-energy X-ray photons thanks to their internal gain. LGAD microstrip sensors fabricated by Fondazione Bruno Kessler have been investigated using X-rays with both charge-integrating and single-photon-counting readout chips developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut. In this work it is shown that the charge multiplication occurring in the sensor allows the detection of X-rays with improved signal-to-noise ratio in comparison with standard silicon sensors. The application in the tender X-ray energy range is demonstrated by the detection of the sulfur K α and K β lines (2.3 and 2.46 keV) in an energy-dispersive fluorescence spectrometer at the Swiss Light Source. Although further improvements in the segmentation and in the quantum efficiency at low energy are still necessary, this work paves the way for the development of single-photon-counting detectors in the soft X-ray energy range.

scholarly journals In situtwo-dimensional imaging quick-scanning XAFS with pixel array detector

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Tanida ◽  
Hisao Yamashige ◽  
Yuki Orikasa ◽  
Masatsugu Oishi ◽  
Yu Takanashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
Two Dimensional Image ◽  
Pixel Array ◽  
Pixel Array Detector ◽  
Good Signal

Quick-scanning X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements were performed in transmission mode using a PILATUS 100K pixel array detector (PAD). The method can display a two-dimensional image for a large area of the order of a centimetre with a spatial resolution of 0.2 mm at each energy point in the XAFS spectrum. The time resolution of the quick-scanning method ranged from 10 s to 1 min per spectrum depending on the energy range. The PAD has a wide dynamic range and low noise, so the obtained spectra have a good signal-to-noise ratio.

scholarly journals The ePix10k 2-megapixel hard X-ray detector at LCLS

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 608-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Brandt van Driel ◽  
Silke Nelson ◽  
Rebecca Armenta ◽  
Gabriel Blaj ◽  
Stephen Boo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
High Dynamic Range ◽  
Pixel Detector ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Area Detector ◽  
High Dynamic

The ePix10ka2M (ePix10k) is a new large area detector specifically developed for X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) applications. The hybrid pixel detector was developed at SLAC to provide a hard X-ray area detector with a high dynamic range, running at the 120 Hz repetition rate of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The ePix10k consists of 16 modules, each with 352 × 384 pixels of 100 µm × 100 µm distributed on four ASICs, resulting in a 2.16 megapixel detector, with a 16.5 cm × 16.5 cm active area and ∼80% coverage. The high dynamic range is achieved with three distinct gain settings (low, medium, high) as well as two auto-ranging modes (high-to-low and medium-to-low). Here the three fixed gain modes are evaluated. The resulting dynamic range (from single photon counting to 10000 photons pixel−1 pulse−1 at 8 keV) makes it suitable for a large number of different XFEL experiments. The ePix10k replaces the large CSPAD in operation since 2011. The dimensions of the two detectors are similar, making the upgrade from CSPAD to ePix10k straightforward for most setups, with the ePix10k improving on experimental performance. The SLAC-developed ePix cameras all utilize a similar platform, are tailored to target different experimental conditions and are designed to provide an upgrade path for future high-repetition-rate XFELs. Here the first measurements on this new ePix10k detector are presented and the performance under typical XFEL conditions evaluated during an LCLS X-ray diffuse scattering experiment measuring the 9.5 keV X-ray photons scattered from a thin liquid jet.

scholarly journals MYTHEN Detector – Perspectives in Residual Stress Measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 996 ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dubravka Sisak Jung ◽  
Lasse Suominen ◽  
Jari Parantainen ◽  
Christoph Hoermann
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
High Dynamic Range ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
Stress Measurements ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
Radiation Hard

MYTHEN is a single-photon-counting strip detector. Its main features are high spatial resolution, zero noise, fluorescence suppression, fast readout, high dynamic range, radiation-hard and maintenance-free design. Perspectives of such a detector in residual stress measurements involve: (i) Measurements of absorbing/thick materials (ii) Well resolved peaks (iii) excellent signal-to-noise ratio (iv) Analysis of alloys (v) Fast data collection (vi) Accurate low content retained austenite measurements (vii) in situ measurements and mapping (viii) infinite life cycle. Technical details and application in synchrotron and laboratory diffractometers will be presented.

scholarly journals Fast two-dimensional grid and transmission X-ray microscopy scanning methods for visualizing and characterizing protein crystals

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 944-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Aleksandra Wojdyla ◽  
Ezequiel Panepucci ◽  
Isabelle Martiel ◽  
Simon Ebner ◽  
Chia-Ying Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Protein Crystals ◽  
Cubic Phase ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Array Detectors ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Phase Images ◽  
Using Data

A fast continuous grid scan protocol has been incorporated into the Swiss Light Source (SLS) data acquisition and analysis software suite on the macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamlines. Its combination with fast readout single-photon counting hybrid pixel array detectors (PILATUS and EIGER) allows for diffraction-based identification of crystal diffraction hotspots and the location and centering of membrane protein microcrystals in the lipid cubic phase (LCP) inin meso in situserial crystallography plates and silicon nitride supports. Diffraction-based continuous grid scans with both still and oscillation images are supported. Examples that include a grid scan of a large (50 nl) LCP bolus and analysis of the resulting diffraction images are presented. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) complements and benefits from fast grid scanning. STXM has been demonstrated at the SLS beamline X06SA for near-zero-dose detection of protein crystals mounted on different types of sample supports at room and cryogenic temperatures. Flash-cooled crystals in nylon loops were successfully identified in differential and integrated phase images. Crystals of just 10 µm thickness were visible in integrated phase images using data collected with the EIGER detector. STXM offers a truly low-dose method for locating crystals on solid supports prior to diffraction data collection at both synchrotron microfocusing and free-electron laser X-ray facilities.

High-resolution high-efficiency X-ray imaging system based on the in-line Bragg magnifier and the Medipix detector

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik Vagovič ◽  
Dušan Korytár ◽  
Angelica Cecilia ◽  
Elias Hamann ◽  
Libor Švéda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Full Field ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging

The performance of a recently developed full-field X-ray micro-imaging system based on an in-line Bragg magnifier is reported. The system is composed of quasi-channel-cut crystals in combination with a Medipix single-photon-counting detector. A theoretical and experimental study of the imaging performance of the crystals–detector combination and a comparison with a standard indirect detector typically used in high-resolution X-ray imaging schemes are reported. The spatial resolution attained by our system is about 0.75 µm, limited only by the current magnification. Compared with an indirect detector system, this system features a better efficiency, signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution. The optimal working resolution range of this system is between ∼0.4 µm and 1 µm, filling the gap between transmission X-ray microscopes and indirect detectors. Applications for coherent full-field imaging of weakly absorbing samples are shown and discussed.

scholarly journals Detectivity optimization to detect of ultraweak light fluxes with an EM-CCD as binary photon counter array

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibtissame Khaoua ◽  
Guillaume Graciani ◽  
Andrey Kim ◽  
François Amblard
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Strong Nonlinearity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Spatially Extended ◽  
Extended Sources ◽  
Photon Counting Mode

AbstractFor a wide range of purposes, one faces the challenge to detect light from extremely faint and spatially extended sources. In such cases, detector noises dominate over the photon noise of the source, and quantum detectors in photon counting mode are generally the best option. Here, we combine a statistical model with an in-depth analysis of detector noises and calibration experiments, and we show that visible light can be detected with an electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices (EM-CCD) with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 3 for fluxes less than $$30\,{\text{photon}}\,{\text{s}}^{ - 1} \,{\text{cm}}^{ - 2}$$ 30 photon s - 1 cm - 2 . For green photons, this corresponds to 12 aW $${\text{cm}}^{ - 2}$$ cm - 2 ≈ $$9{ } \times 10^{ - 11}$$ 9 × 10 - 11 lux, i.e. 15 orders of magnitude less than typical daylight. The strong nonlinearity of the SNR with the sampling time leads to a dynamic range of detection of 4 orders of magnitude. To detect possibly varying light fluxes, we operate in conditions of maximal detectivity $${\mathcal{D}}$$ D rather than maximal SNR. Given the quantum efficiency $$QE\left( \lambda \right)$$ Q E λ of the detector, we find $${ \mathcal{D}} = 0.015\,{\text{photon}}^{ - 1} \,{\text{s}}^{1/2} \,{\text{cm}}$$ D = 0.015 photon - 1 s 1 / 2 cm , and a non-negligible sensitivity to blackbody radiation for T > 50 °C. This work should help design highly sensitive luminescence detection methods and develop experiments to explore dynamic phenomena involving ultra-weak luminescence in biology, chemistry, and material sciences.

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