Study of calcium oxalate monohydrate of kidney stones by X-ray diffraction

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (S1) ◽  
pp. S59-S64 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. D. Orlando ◽  
L. Kuplich ◽  
D. O. de Souza ◽  
H. Belich ◽  
J. B. Depianti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Renal Calculus ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Papillary Type

X-ray powder diffraction was used to study the phase composition of human renal calculi. The stones were collected from 56 donors in Vitória, Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil. An XRD phase quantification revealed that 61% of the studied renal stones were composed exclusively of calcium oxalate [34% formed only by calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and 27% presents both monohydrate and dihydratate calcium oxalate]. The 39% multi-composed calculi have various other phases such as uric acid and calcium phosphate. Rietveld refinement of XRD data of one apparent monophasic (COM) renal calculus revealed the presence of a small amount of hydroxyapatite. The presence of this second phase and the morphology of the stone (ellipsoidal) indicated that this calculus can be classified as non-papillary type and its nucleation process developed in closed kidney cavities. In order to show some advantages of the X-ray powder diffraction technique, a study of the phase transformation of monohydrate calcium oxalate into calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was carried out by annealing of a monophasic COM calculi at 200, 300, and 400 °C for 48 h in a N2 gas atmosphere. The results of the XRD for the heat treated samples is in good agreement with the thermogravimetric analysis found in the literature and shows that X-ray powder diffraction can be used as a suitable technique to study the composition and phase diagram of renal calculi.

scholarly journals Can stone composition be predicted by plain X-ray and/or non-contrast CT? A study validated by X-ray diffraction analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Gadelmoula ◽  
Ahmed M. Moeen ◽  
Ahmed Elderwy ◽  
Mohamed S. Abdel-Kader ◽  
Ayman Elqady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Stone Analysis ◽  
Stone Composition ◽  
Cutoff Value ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Contrast Ct

Abstract Background The stone composition has a great influence on the outcome of its treatment. There are several tests to predict the composition of stones preoperatively and stone analysis postoperatively. Herein, we want to evaluate if the stone composition could be predicted from plain X-ray KUB (PKUB) and/or non-contrast CT (NCCT) validated by in vitro X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD). Methods Between April 2014 and March 2016, 100 cases with urinary tract stones were included in the study. The radio-opacity of the stones in PKUB, stone density by NCCT, and after stone extraction, XRD were performed. Statistical analysis for the results was performed using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests for categorical variables and Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis H for the nonparametric variables. The receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to determine the best cutoff value. Results This study included 74 males and 26 females with a median age of 32 years (range 2–70). Regarding the radio-opacity by PKUB, there were 30 stones dense opaque, 44 opaque, 21 faint opaque, and 5 radiolucent. XRD revealed 97 mixed and 3 pure stones. The calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stone composition could be predicted in dense opaque stone by PKUB in 75.9% and urate composition in the radiolucent stone by 40%. The cutoff value of HU density by NCCT to the dense opaque stones in the PKUB was > 1020 and for radiolucent stones was < 590. Conclusion Stone radio-opacity by PKUB and its attenuation value by NCCT could successfully predict its calcium oxalate monohydrate, struvite, and urate composition. However, the chemical stone analysis is still required as most stones are mixed.

A comparative study of the adsorption of amino acids on to calcium minerals found in renal calculi

2001 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. FLEMING ◽  
Wilhelm VAN BRONSWIJK ◽  
Rosemary Lyons RYALL
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Carboxyglutamic Acid ◽  
Calcium Minerals ◽  
Ph Range

To assess the binding of individual amino acids to the principal calcium minerals found in human kidney stones, the adsorption of 20 amino acids on to calcium oxalate monohydrate, CaHPO4.2H2O, Ca3(PO4)2 and Ca5(PO4)3OH crystals was determined over the physiological urinary pH range (pH 5–8) in aqueous solutions. All amino acids adsorbed most strongly at pH 5, and this decreased in all cases as the pH was increased. The amino acids which adsorbed most strongly were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and γ-carboxyglutamic acid, with the last displaying the strongest affinity. All amino acids bound more avidly to calcium oxalate monohydrate than to any of the phosphate minerals. Adsorption on to CaHPO4.2H2O was generally higher than for Ca3(PO4)2 and Ca5(PO4)3OH, for which all amino acids, with the exception of γ-carboxyglutamic acid, had only a weak affinity. The binding affinity of these acids is thought to be due to their zwitterions being able to adopt conformations in which two carboxyl groups, and possibly the amino group, can interact with the mineral surface without further rotation. The strong binding affinity of di-and tri-carboxylic acids for calcium stone minerals indicates that proteins rich in these amino acids are more likely to play a functional role in stone pathogenesis than those possessing only a few such residues. These findings, as well as the preferential adsorption of the amino acids for calcium oxalate monohydrate rather than calcium phosphate minerals, have ramifications for research aimed at discovering the true role of proteins in stone formation and for potential application in the design of synthetic peptides for use in stone therapy.

Comparison of Urinary Crystallites from Patients with Renal Calculi with that from Healthy Subjects

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 1738-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Yue Xia ◽  
Yi Ming Ding ◽  
Jian Ming Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate ◽  
Aggregation State ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer ◽  
Sharp Edges

The differences between the urinary crystallites from patients with renal calculi and healthy subjects were compared using SEM, XRD, and nano-particle size analyzer, etc. These differences concern morphology, aggregation state, number, particle size, crystal phase and Zeta potential, etc. About 90% of the crystallites had the particle sizes less than 20 μm, the Zeta potential was -(113) mV, and the composition included a large proportion of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. By comparison, the urinary crystallites from patients with renal calculi had sharp edges and corners and exhibited significant aggregation. There were more crystallites with the size greater than 20 μm in comparison with those in healthy subjects, their Zeta potential was -(73) mV, and calcium oxalate existed mainly in the form of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals. The above differences increased the aggregation trend of the crystallites in lithogenic urine and caused the probability of renal calculi formation to increase.

Tensile, Flexural and Compressive Strength Studies on Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Urinary Stone

2012 ◽  
Vol 584 ◽  
pp. 494-498
Author(s):  
Abdul Rasheed Mohamed Ali ◽  
Narayanasamy Arunai Nambi Raj
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Urinary Stone ◽  
Laser Lithotripsy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction

Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) is the primary constituent of the majority of stones formed in the urinary tract. Mechanical properties of renal calculi dictate how a stone interact and disintegrate with mechanical forces produced by shock wave and laser lithotripsy techniques. Tensile stresses may be more effective in some instances in disrupting material because most materials are weaker in tension than compression. Urinary stone containing COM as a major component was subjected to tensile, flexural and compressive strength studies in order to understand its mechanical properties in vitro. The calculated tensile breaking strength for the urinary stone from three tests varies from 0.57 MNm-2 to 1.52 MNm-2. The flexural strength and the flexural modulus of the urinary stone were calculated as 5.17 MNm-2 and 2.22 GNm-2 respectively while the observed compressive strength was 6.11 MNm-2. The chemical composition and the crystalline nature of the stone were verified using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Origin and Types of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Papillary Renal Calculi

Urology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1339-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fèlix Grases ◽  
Antonia Costa-Bauzá ◽  
Isabel Gomila ◽  
Antonio Conte
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

Inhibition of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal aggregation by urine proteins

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. F99-F106 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hess ◽  
Y. Nakagawa ◽  
F. L. Coe
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Crystal Aggregation ◽  
Stone Formers ◽  
Aggregation Inhibitors ◽  
Normal Urine

Normal urine inhibits both the growth and the aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals but the molecules that inhibit aggregation are not well defined. We have developed a spectrophotometric assay method to measure the aggregation of COM crystals in vitro under conditions that avoid simultaneous crystal growth. At pH 7.2 and 90 mM NaCl, Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) and nephrocalcin (NC), a major urinary inhibitor of COM crystal growth, inhibit COM crystal aggregation at concentrations as low as 2 X 10(-9) and 1 X 10(-8) M, respectively. When increasing NaCl to 270 mM or lowering pH to 5.7, inhibition by both glycoproteins, but more markedly by THP, is decreased. Urinary NC from calcium oxalate renal stone formers (SF NC) and NC isolated from calcium oxalate renal stones (stone NC) both inhibit COM crystal aggregation 10-fold less than NC from normal urine. Citrate is ineffective even at millimolar concentrations. Thus THP and NC are two major inhibitors of COM crystal aggregation in normal urine; SF NC and stone NC are defective aggregation inhibitors.

The Predictive Role of Abdominal Fat Parameters and Stone Density on SWL Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Coskun Kaya ◽  
Yurdaer Kaynak ◽  
Aral Karabag ◽  
Aykut Aykaç
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Ureteral Stones ◽  
Stone Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Extracorporeal Shock Wave ◽  
Stone Density

Background: Our aim was to detect the role of radiological abdominal fat parameters by tomography and stone density by plain X-ray on extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) stone-free rate. Methods: The patients who had undergone SWL for a single opaque renal stone < 2 cm in diameter and proximal ureteric stone < 1 cm in diameter were collected retrospectively. The characteristics of patients and stones were recorded. The stone attitude, HU, abdominal fat parameters, paraperirenal fat area, perirenal infiltration and severity of hydronephrosis with pre-treatment Non- Contrast Computed Tomography (NCCT) and stone density with radiography were evaluated by a radiologist. Four weeks after the last SWL; all patients were evaluated by plain X-ray and categorized as Stone Free (SF) and Residual Fragment (RF) group. Results: 51 patients with renal stones and 88 patients with proximal ureteral stones were included in the study. 24 (47%) and 63 (71%) patients were classified as SFfor renal and ureteral stones respectively. Only stone size was an independent predictor for stone-free rates after SWL for renal and proximal ureteral stones on multivariate analysis. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for renal calculi revealed that creatinine level, stone size, stone attitude, Houns-Field Unit (HU) and Skin-to-Stone Distance (SSD) were the predictive factors for the SWL outcome (p< 0.05). The ROC curve for ureteral calculi demonstrated that HU, stone size and attitude were the predictive factors (p< 0.05). Conclusion: All abdominal fat parameters and the stone density were not related to SWL failure. A large follow-up with more patients is essential to confirm the role of radiological parameters on the outcome of SWL.

Unit cell determination of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24- octapentoxyphthalocyanine and its nickel derivative using electron and X-ray powder diffraction

2000 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. STEINBRECHER ◽  
F. ZHOU ◽  
E. PLIES ◽  
M. HANACK
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
Columnar Structure ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Energy Filtering ◽  
Transmission Electron

2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octapentoxyphthalocyanine and its nickel derivative have been studied by means of electron and X-ray powder diffraction. The results reveal that the metal-free compound forms monoclinic crystals (space group C2/c) with unit cell constants a = 4.202 nm , b = 0.4977 nm , c = 3.345 nm , β = 98.9 ° and Z = 4 molecules per unit cell. 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-Octapentoxyphthalocyaninatonickel(II) is likely to be isomorphous to its metal-free analogue, but occurs in a second phase which is also stable at room temperature. This is identified to be a crystalline primitive hexagonal phase with cell constants a = b = 2.50 nm and c = 0.33 nm . It is assumed that the molecules form a columnar structure along the c-axis, whereas the hexagonal cross-section in the ab-plane goes back to the molecular disc shape. Imaging of monoclinic crystals of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octapentoxyphthalocyanine in an energy-filtering transmission electron microscope (EFTEM) can be performed to resolve 2 nm structures only, owing to specimen damage. According to the diffraction pattern, the micrograph provides a view along [001] and shows directly that the structure can be described in terms of parallel columnar stacks of molecules along the b-axis, the distance between neighbouring stacks being [Formula: see text]. The results show that the structures of both the metal-free compound and its nickel analogue are dominated by π–π interactions between the macrocycles, which is a marked difference from the structures of 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octasubstituted phthalocyanines.

scholarly journals Papillary and Nonpapillary Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Renal Calculi: Comparative Study of Etiologic Factors

TSW Urology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Pieras ◽  
Antonia Costa-Bauzá ◽  
Margarita Ramis ◽  
Felix Grases
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

scholarly journals BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STONES IN CASES OF URINARY TRACT CALCULUS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teffy Anish Roy ◽  
Gourav Saxena ◽  
Atul Vyas
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Urinary Tract Calculus

Background & Method: The present study was conducted at Department of General Surgery, Index Medical College, Hospital & Research Center, Indore (M.P.). A total of 30 study subjects (post operated cases of urolithiasis) were selected from the surgical ward in Index Hospital from period of 12 months with an aim to Biochemical Analysis of Stones in cases of Urinary Tract Calculus. Result: A total of 46 renal stones were analyzed, from 30 patients. In 30 patients, 18 were Males and 12 Females. The Bio-chemical analysis of renal stones revealed the presence of mixed stones with highest present of Calcium Oxalate stones, followed by uric acid stones. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that in Index Medical College and Hospital a significant proportion of renal stones were containing calcium oxalate as constituent and were non phosphate in composition. The study concluded that the biochemical composition of renal calculi is important during the treatment of renal stone disease and reducing the recurrence by avoiding promoters of stone formation. Keywords: Biochemical, Stones, Urinary Tract & Calculus.

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