scholarly journals Ion Channels and Early Development of Neural Cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
KUNITARO TAKAHASHI ◽  
YASUSHI OKAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Neural Induction ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Simple System ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Embryonic Cells

Takahashi, Kunitaro, and Yasushi Okamura. Ion Channels and Early Development of Neural Cells. Physiol. Rev. 78: 307–337, 1998. — In this review, we underscore the merits of using voltage-dependent ion channels as markers for neuronal differentiation from the early stages of uncommitted embryonic blastomeres. Furthermore, a fairly large part of the review is devoted to the descriptions of the establishment of a simple model system for neural induction derived from the cleavage-arrested eight-cell ascidian embryo by pairing a single ectodermal with a single vegetal blastomere as a competent and an inducer cell, respectively. The descriptions are focused particularly on the early developmental processes of various ion channels in neuronal and other excitable membranes observed in this extraordinarily simple system, and we compare these results with those in other significant and definable systems for neural differentiation. It is stressed that this simple system, for which most of the electronic and optical methods and various injection experiments are applicable, may be useful for future molecular physiological studies on the intracellular process of differentiation of the early embryonic cells. We have also highlighted the importance of suppressive mechanisms for cellular differentiation from the experimental results, such as epidermal commitment of the cleavage-arrested one-cell Halocynthia embryos or suppression of epidermal-specific transcription of inward rectifier channels by neural induction signals. It was suggested that reciprocal suppressive mechanisms at the transcriptional level may be one of the key processes for cellular differentiation, by which exclusivity of cell types is maintained.

scholarly journals Neuromesodermal progenitor origin of trunk neural crest in vivo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyna Lukoseviciute ◽  
Sarah Mayes ◽  
Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Single Cell Analysis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Trunk Neural Crest ◽  
Bona Fide

AbstractNeural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific population of multipotent embryonic cells predisposed to particular derivatives along the anteroposterior (A-P) axis. While only cranial NC progenitors give rise to ectomesenchymal cell types, trunk NC is biased for neuronal cell fates. By integrating multimodal single-cell analysis we uncovered heterogenous NC cells across the entire A-P axis expressing NC regulator foxd3. We pinpointed to its specific cranial and trunk auto-regulated enhancers. The trunk foxd3 enhancer, however, did not mark the bona fide NC, but bipotent tailbud neuromesodermal progenitors (NMps). A subset of these NMp-derived pro-neural cells appeared to give rise to neuronal trunk NC in amniotes in vivo, suggesting that at least a portion of trunk NC progenitors with a bias for neuronal fates originated from NMps in vivo.

Neural induction and regionalisation by different subpopulations of cells in Hensen's node

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G. Storey ◽  
M.A. Selleck ◽  
C.D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Neural Induction ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Prechordal Plate ◽  
Gut Endoderm ◽  
Lineage Analysis

Cell lineage analysis has revealed that the amniote organizer, Hensen's node, is subdivided into distinct regions, each containing a characteristic subpopulation of cells with defined fates. Here, we address the question of whether the inducing and regionalising ability of Hensen's node is associated with a specific subpopulation. Quail explants from Hensen's node are grafted into an extraembryonic site in a host chick embryo allowing host- and donor-derived cells to be distinguished. Cell-type- and region-specific markers are used to assess the fates of the mesodermal and neural cells that develop. We find that neural inducing ability is localised in the epiblast layer and the mesendoderm (deep portion) of the medial sector of the node. The deep portion of the posterolateral part of the node does not have neural inducing ability. Neural induction also correlates with the presence of particular prospective cell types in our grafts: chordamesoderm (notochord/head process), definitive (gut) endoderm or neural tissue. However, only grafts that include the epiblast layer of the node induce neural tissue expressing a complete range of anteroposterior characteristics, although prospective prechordal plate cells may also play a role in specification of the forebrain.

scholarly journals Zika Virus Infection Leads to Demyelination and Axonal Injury in Mature CNS Cultures

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Verena Schultz ◽  
Stephanie L. Cumberworth ◽  
Quan Gu ◽  
Natasha Johnson ◽  
Claire L. Donald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Axonal Pathology ◽  
Time Frames

Understanding how Zika virus (Flaviviridae; ZIKV) affects neural cells is paramount in comprehending pathologies associated with infection. Whilst the effects of ZIKV in neural development are well documented, impact on the adult nervous system remains obscure. Here, we investigated the effects of ZIKV infection in established mature myelinated central nervous system (CNS) cultures. Infection incurred damage to myelinated fibers, with ZIKV-positive cells appearing when myelin damage was first detected as well as axonal pathology, suggesting the latter was a consequence of oligodendroglia infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed host factors that were upregulated during ZIKV infection. One such factor, CCL5, was validated in vitro as inhibiting myelination. Transferred UV-inactivated media from infected cultures did not damage myelin and axons, suggesting that viral replication is necessary to induce the observed effects. These data show that ZIKV infection affects CNS cells even after myelination—which is critical for saltatory conduction and neuronal function—has taken place. Understanding the targets of this virus across developmental stages including the mature CNS, and the subsequent effects of infection of cell types, is necessary to understand effective time frames for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Molecular characteristics and spatial distribution of adult human corneal cell subtypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann J. Ligocki ◽  
Wen Fury ◽  
Christian Gutierrez ◽  
Christina Adler ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Human Cornea ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
And Migration

AbstractBulk RNA sequencing of a tissue captures the gene expression profile from all cell types combined. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies discrete cell-signatures based on transcriptomic identities. Six adult human corneas were processed for single-cell RNAseq and 16 cell clusters were bioinformatically identified. Based on their transcriptomic signatures and RNAscope results using representative cluster marker genes on human cornea cross-sections, these clusters were confirmed to be stromal keratocytes, endothelium, several subtypes of corneal epithelium, conjunctival epithelium, and supportive cells in the limbal stem cell niche. The complexity of the epithelial cell layer was captured by eight distinct corneal clusters and three conjunctival clusters. These were further characterized by enriched biological pathways and molecular characteristics which revealed novel groupings related to development, function, and location within the epithelial layer. Moreover, epithelial subtypes were found to reflect their initial generation in the limbal region, differentiation, and migration through to mature epithelial cells. The single-cell map of the human cornea deepens the knowledge of the cellular subsets of the cornea on a whole genome transcriptional level. This information can be applied to better understand normal corneal biology, serve as a reference to understand corneal disease pathology, and provide potential insights into therapeutic approaches.

The Developmental Capacity of Nuclei taken from Intestinal Epithelium Cells of Feeding Tadpoles

Development ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Gurdon
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nuclear Transplantation ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Developmental Capacity ◽  
Nuclear Changes ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Epithelium Cells ◽  
Saline Medium

An important problem in embryology is whether the differentiation of cells depends upon a stable restriction of the genetic information contained in their nuclei. The technique of nuclear transplantation has shown to what extent the nuclei of differentiating cells can promote the formation of different cell types (e.g. King & Briggs, 1956; Gurdon, 1960c). Yet no experiments have so far been published on the transplantation of nuclei from fully differentiated normal cells. This is partly because it is difficult to obtain meaningful results from such experiments. The small amount of cytoplasm in differentiated cells renders their nuclei susceptible to damage through exposure to the saline medium, and this makes it difficult to assess the significance of the abnormalities resulting from their transplantation. It is, however, very desirable to know the developmental capacity of such nuclei, since any nuclear changes which are necessarily involved in cellular differentiation must have already taken place in cells of this kind.

Control of secretion in anterior pituitary cells--linking ion channels, messengers and exocytosis

1988 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-316
Author(s):  
W. T. Mason ◽  
S. R. Rawlings ◽  
P. Cobbett ◽  
S. K. Sikdar ◽  
R. Zorec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Intracellular Calcium ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pituitary Cell ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Calcium Activity ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Cells ◽  
Voltage Dependent

Normal anterior pituitary cells, in their diversity and heterogeneity, provide a rich source of models for secretory function. However, until recently they have largely been neglected in favour of neoplastic, clonal tumour cell lines of pituitary origin, which have enabled a number of studies on supposedly homogeneous cell types. Because many of these lines appear to lack key peptide and neurotransmitter receptors, as well as being degranulated with accompanying abnormal levels of secretion, we have developed a range of normal primary anterior pituitary cell cultures using dispersion and enrichment techniques. By studying lactotrophs, somatotrophs and gonadotrophs we have revealed a number of possible transduction mechanisms by which receptors for hypothalamic peptides and neurotransmitters may control secretion. In particular, the transduction events controlling secretion from pituitary cells may differ fundamentally from those found in other cell types. Patch-clamp recordings in these various pituitary cell preparations have revealed substantial populations of voltage-dependent Na+, Ca2+ and K+ channels which may support action potentials in these cells. Although activation of these channels may gate Ca2+ entry to the cells under some conditions, our evidence taken with that of other laboratories suggests that peptide-receptor interactions leading to hormone secretion occur independently of significant membrane depolarization. Rather, secretion of hormone and rises in intracellular calcium measured with new probes for intracellular calcium activity, can occur in response to hypothalamic peptide activation in the absence of substantial changes in membrane potential. These changes in intracellular calcium activity almost certainly depend on both intracellular and extracellular calcium sources. In addition, strong evidence of a role for multiple intracellular receptors and modulators in the secretory event suggests we should consider the plasma membrane channels important for regulation of hormone secretion to be predominantly agonist-activated, rather than of the more conventional voltage-dependent type. Likewise, evidence from new methods for recording single ion channels suggests the existence of intracellular sites for channel modulation, implying they too may play an important role in secretory regulation. We shall consider new data and new technology which we hope will provide key answers to the many intriguing questions surrounding the control of pituitary hormone secretion. We shall highlight our work with recordings of single ion channels activated by peptides, and recent experiments using imaging of intracellular ionized free calcium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Control of dorsoventral pattern in vertebrate neural development: induction and polarizing properties of the floor plate

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 105-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marysia Placzek ◽  
Toshiya Yamada ◽  
Marc Tessier-Lavigne ◽  
Thomas Jessell ◽  
Jane Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Floor Plate ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Dorsoventral Patterning ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Position

Distinct classes of neural cells differentiate at specific locations within the embryonic vertebrate nervous system. To define the cellular mechanisms that control the identity and pattern of neural cells we have used a combination of functional assays and antigenic markers to examine the differentiation of cells in the developing spinal cord and hindbrain in vivo and in vitro. Our results suggest that a critical step in the dorsoventral patterning of the embryonic CNS is the differentiation of a specialized group of midline neural cells, termed the floor plate, in response to local inductive signals from the underlying notochord. The floor plate and notochord appear to control the pattern of cell types that appear along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube. The fate of neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube may be defined by cell position with respect to the ventral midline and controlled by polarizing signals that originate from the floor plate and notochord.

scholarly journals Calnexin revealed as an ether-a-go-go chaperone by getting mutant worms up and going

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (8) ◽  
pp. 1059-1061
Author(s):  
Jonathan T. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Membrane Domains ◽  
Excitable Cells ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Cell Excitability ◽  
Distinct Membrane

The role of ion channels in cell excitability was first revealed in a series of voltage clamp experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley in the 1950s. However, it was not until the 1970s that patch-clamp recording ushered in a revolution that allowed physiologists to witness how ion channels flicker open and closed at angstrom scale and with microsecond resolution. The unexpectedly tight seal made by the patch pipette in the whole-cell configuration later allowed molecular biologists to suck up the insides of identified cells to unveil their unique molecular contents. By refining these techniques, researchers have scrutinized the surface and contents of excitable cells in detail over the past few decades. However, these powerful approaches do not discern which molecules are responsible for the dynamic control of the genesis, abundance, and subcellular localization of ion channels. In this dark territory, teams of unknown and poorly understood molecules guide specific ion channels through translation, folding, and modification, and then they shuttle them toward and away from distinct membrane domains via different subcellular routes. A central challenge in understanding these processes is the likelihood that these diverse regulatory molecules may be specific to ion channel subtypes, cell types, and circumstance. In work described in this issue, Bai et al. (2018. J. Gen. Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201812025) begin to shed light on the biogenesis of UNC-103, a K+ channel found in Caenorhabditis elegans.

scholarly journals Neural stemness contributes to cell tumorigenicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyang Xu ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Lihua Shi ◽  
Xiaoli Yang ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Neural Genes ◽  
Neural Stem Progenitor Cells

Abstract Background Previous studies demonstrated the dependence of cancer on nerve. Recently, a growing number of studies reveal that cancer cells share the property and regulatory network with neural stem/progenitor cells. However, relationship between the property of neural stemness and cell tumorigenicity is unknown. Results We show that neural stem/progenitor cells, but not non-neural embryonic or somatic stem/progenitor cell types, exhibit tumorigenicity and the potential for differentiation into tissue types of all germ layers when they are placed in non-native environment by transplantation into immunodeficient nude mice. Likewise, cancer cells capable of tumor initiation have the property of neural stemness because of their abilities in neurosphere formation in neural stem cell-specific serum-free medium and in differentiation potential, in addition to their neuronal differentiation potential that was characterized previously. Moreover, loss of a pro-differentiation factor in myoblasts, which have no tumorigenicity, lead to the loss of myoblast identity, and gain of the property of neural stemness, tumorigenicity and potential for re-differentiation. By contrast, loss of neural stemness via differentiation results in the loss of tumorigenicity. These suggest that the property of neural stemness contributes to cell tumorigenicity, and tumor phenotypic heterogeneity might be an effect of differentiation potential of neural stemness. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that neural genes in general are correlated with embryonic development and cancer, in addition to their role in neural development; whereas non-neural genes are not. Most of neural specific genes emerged in typical species representing transition from unicellularity to multicellularity during evolution. Genes in Monosiga brevicollis, a unicellular species that is a closest known relative of metazoans, are biased toward neural cells. Conclusions We suggest that the property of neural stemness is the source of cell tumorigenicity. This is due to that neural biased unicellular state is the ground state for multicellularity and hence cell type diversification or differentiation during evolution, and tumorigenesis is a process of restoration of neural ground state in somatic cells along a default route that is pre-determined by an evolutionary advantage of neural state.

scholarly journals Neural stemness contributes to cell tumorigenicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyang Xu ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Lihua Shi ◽  
Xiaoli Yang ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Neural Genes ◽  
Neural Stem Progenitor Cells

Abstract Background: Previous studies demonstrated the dependence of cancer on nerve. Recently, a growing number of studies reveal that cancer cells share the property and regulatory network with neural stem/progenitor cells. However, relationship between the property of neural stemness and cell tumorigenicity is unknown.Results: We show that neural stem/progenitor cells, but not non-neural embryonic or somatic stem/progenitor cell types, exhibit tumorigenicity and the potential for differentiation into tissue types of all germ layers when they are placed in non-native environment by transplantation into immunodeficient nude mice. Likewise, cancer cells capable of tumor initiation have the property of neural stemness because of their abilities in neurosphere formation in neural stem cell-specific serum-free medium and in differentiation potential, in addition to their neuronal differentiation potential that was characterized previously. Moreover, loss of a pro-differentiation factor in myoblasts, which have no tumorigenicity, lead to the loss of myoblast identity, and gain of the property of neural stemness, tumorigenicity and potential for re-differentiation. By contrast, loss of neural stemness via differentiation results in the loss of tumorigenicity. These suggest that the property of neural stemness contributes to cell tumorigenicity, and tumor phenotypic heterogeneity might be an effect of differentiation potential of neural stemness. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that neural genes in general are correlated with embryonic development and cancer, in addition to their role in neural development; whereas non-neural genes are not. Most of neural specific genes emerged in typical species representing transition from unicellularity to multicellularity during evolution. Genes in Monosiga brevicollis, a unicellular species that is a closest known relative of metazoans, are biased toward neural cells.Conclusions: We suggest that the property of neural stemness is the source of cell tumorigenicity. This is due to that neural biased unicellular state is the ground state for multicellularity and hence cell type diversification or differentiation during evolution, and tumorigenesis is a process of restoration of neural ground state in somatic cells along a default route that is pre-determined by an evolutionary advantage of neural state.

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