scholarly journals The NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Bedard ◽  
Karl-Heinz Krause
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Phagocyte Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Activation Mechanisms ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Nox Family

For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the phagocyte NADPH oxidase itself (NOX2/gp91phox), the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. These enzymes share the capacity to transport electrons across the plasma membrane and to generate superoxide and other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation mechanisms and tissue distribution of the different members of the family are markedly different. The physiological functions of NOX family enzymes include host defense, posttranlational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. NOX enzymes also contribute to a wide range of pathological processes. NOX deficiency may lead to immunosuppresion, lack of otoconogenesis, or hypothyroidism. Increased NOX actvity also contributes to a large number or pathologies, in particular cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the functions of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology.

scholarly journals NADPH Oxidases (NOX): An Overview from Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology and Pathology

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 890
Author(s):  
Annelise Vermot ◽  
Isabelle Petit-Härtlein ◽  
Susan M. E. Smith ◽  
Franck Fieschi
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Phagocyte Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Wide Range

The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX) was first identified in the membrane of phagocytic cells. For many years, its only known role was in immune defense, where its ROS production leads to the destruction of pathogens by the immune cells. NOX from phagocytes catalyzes, via one-electron trans-membrane transfer to molecular oxygen, the production of the superoxide anion. Over the years, six human homologs of the catalytic subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the NOX2/gp91phox component present in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase assembly itself, the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. NOX are complex multidomain proteins with varying requirements for assembly with combinations of other proteins for activity. The recent structural insights acquired on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic NOX open new perspectives for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms inherent to NOX regulation and ROS production (superoxide or hydrogen peroxide). This new structural information will certainly inform new investigations of human disease. As specialized ROS producers, NOX enzymes participate in numerous crucial physiological processes, including host defense, the post-translational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. These diversities of physiological context will be discussed in this review. We also discuss NOX misregulation, which can contribute to a wide range of severe pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, lung fibrosis, cancer, or neurodegenerative diseases, giving this family of membrane proteins a strong therapeutic interest.

scholarly journals Natural Compounds as Modulators of NADPH Oxidases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tullia Maraldi
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cellular signals generated ubiquitously by all mammalian cells, but their relative unbalance triggers also diseases through intracellular damage to DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. NADPH oxidases (NOX) are the only known enzyme family with the sole function to produce ROS. The NOX physiological functions concern host defence, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. On the other hand, increased NOX activity contributes to a wide range of pathological processes, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, organ failure, and cancer. Therefore targeting these enzymatic ROS sources by natural compounds, without affecting the physiological redox state, may be an important tool. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the role of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology and provides an overview of the currently available NADPH oxidase inhibitors derived from natural extracts such as polyphenols.

scholarly journals Phenomenon in the Evolution of Voles (Mammalia, Rodentia, Arvicolidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. I. Rekovets ◽  
O. M. Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Tooth Type ◽  
Masticatory Apparatus

Abstract This paper presents analytical results of the study of adaptatiogenesis within the family Arvicolidae (Mammalia, Rodentia) based of morphological changes of the most functional characters of their masticatory apparatus — dental system — through time. The main directions of the morphological differentiation in parallel evolution of the arvicolid tooth type within the Cricetidae and Arvicolidae during late Miocene and Pliocene were identified and substantiated. It is shown that such unique morphological structure as the arvicolid tooth type has provided a relatively high rate of evolution of voles and a wide range of their adaptive radiation, as well as has determined their taxonomic and ecological diversity. The optimality of the current state of this group and evaluation of evolutionary prospects of Arvicolidae were presented and substantiated here as a phenomenon in their evolution.

THE CURRENT STATE OF INTERLANGUAGE: STUDIES IN HONOR OF WILLIAM E. RUTHERFORD.Lynn Eubank, Larry Selinker, and Michael Sharwood Smith (Eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1995. Pp. vii + 293. $57.00 cloth.

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-513
Author(s):  
Juana M. Liceras
Keyword(s):  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time

This volume is dedicated to Bill Rutherford, a long-time friend and colleague, whose commitment and dedication to the study of interlanguage has inspired many of us. The various papers deal with relevant issues in the study of interlanguage with the aim of addressing the wide range of theoretical and pedagogical questions that Rutherford has tried to answer throughout his career. This multifaceted character of the book is very appealing, and so is the inquisitive and provocative tone of several of the papers. I have chosen to group the contributions under five different headings, depending on the cognitive and behavioral sciences that constitute their main focus of attention.

scholarly journals NADPH oxidase 4 and its role in the cardiovascular system

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. H59-H66
Author(s):  
Stephen P Gray ◽  
Ajay M Shah ◽  
Ioannis Smyrnias
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Nadph Oxidase 4 ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Electron Reduction ◽  
Nox Family

The heart relies on complex mechanisms that provide adequate myocardial oxygen supply in order to maintain its contractile function. At the cellular level, oxygen undergoes one electron reduction to superoxide through the action of different types of oxidases (e.g. xanthine oxidases, uncoupled nitric oxide synthases, NADPH oxidases or NOX). Locally generated oxygen-derived reactive species (ROS) are involved in various signaling pathways including cardiac adaptation to different types of physiological and pathophysiological stresses (e.g. hypoxia or overload). The specific effects of ROS and their regulation by oxidases are dependent on the amount of ROS generated and their specific subcellular localization. The NOX family of NADPH oxidases is a main source of ROS in the heart. Seven distinct Nox isoforms (NOX1–NOX5 and DUOX1 and 2) have been identified, of which NOX1, 2, 4 and 5 have been characterized in the cardiovascular system. For the purposes of this review, we will focus on the effects of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in the heart.

The insert region of the Rac GTPases is dispensable for activation of superoxide-producing NADPH oxidases

2009 ◽  
Vol 422 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Miyano ◽  
Hirofumi Koga ◽  
Reiko Minakami ◽  
Hideki Sumimoto
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Catalytic Core ◽  
Rac Gtpases ◽  
Nadph Oxidase 1 ◽  
Nox Family ◽  
Insert Region

Rac1 and Rac2, which belong to the Rho subfamily of Ras-related GTPases, play an essential role in activation of gp91phox/Nox2 (cytochrome b-245, β polypeptide; also known as Cybb), the catalytic core of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase in phagocytes. Rac1 also contributes to activation of the non-phagocytic oxidases Nox1 (NADPH oxidase 1) and Nox3 (NADPH oxidase 3), each related closely to gp91phox/Nox2. It has remained controversial whether the insert region of Rac (amino acids 123–135), unique to the Rho subfamily proteins, is involved in gp91phox/Nox2 activation. In the present study we show that removal of the insert region from Rac1 neither affects activation of gp91phox/Nox2, which is reconstituted under cell-free and whole-cell conditions, nor blocks its localization to phagosomes during ingestion of IgG-coated beads by macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. The insert region of Rac2 is also dispensable for gp91phox/Nox2 activation at the cellular level. Although Rac2, as well as Rac1, is capable of enhancing superoxide production by Nox1 and Nox3, the enhancements by the two GTPases are both independent of the insert region. We also demonstrate that Rac3, a third member of the Rac family in mammals, has an ability to activate the three oxidases and that the activation does not require the insert region. Thus the insert region of the Rac GTPases does not participate in regulation of the Nox family NADPH oxidases.

scholarly journals The conceptual environment of the frontier discourse in humanities

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-492
Author(s):  
Lara N. Sinelnikova
Keyword(s):  
Family Relations ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Internet Communication ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Traditional Norms ◽  
State Of The Environment

The concept of frontier has been formed for a long time and in different directions. The main characteristics of a frontier - its flexible borders, a zone of space development characterised by uncertainty and instability - have proved their importance for understanding and describing the current state of the environment with regard to its social, cultural, communicative and linguistic indicators. The interdisciplinary (transcendental) potential of a frontier is realised in a complementary combination of natural-scientific and humanitarian scholarship. The aim of the present paper is to justify the scholarly integrity of the term frontier discourse the conceptual milieu of which is created through two overlapping multi-layered phenomena: frontier and discourse. The paper names the vectors of expanding the interdisciplinary possibilities of a frontier under the conditions of a discourse approach. Frontier as a flexible border is presented in the Internet communication, the socio-cultural space of the modern city, in the daily behavioural norms of the elite, in the family relations and in many other conceptual spheres the list of which remains open based on the ontological features of a frontier. Based on the examples from Russian and foreign literature, the author demonstrates the role of the frontier modus in the interpretation of literary texts whose plot, style and images are projected onto national history, culture, mentality in the by-border characteristics. Such frontier features as instability, its ability to create an interaction zone, which, under certain conditions, can lead to integration, are important for understanding the problems of modern language, speech and genre norms. The byborder territory is a place accumulating violations of traditional norms and providing the material which is necessary in order to anticipate the arising norm changes. The transformation of traditional genres and the formation of new ones also take place on frontier territories. It is concluded that frontier discourse ensures the understanding of norm movements in genre-stylistic characteristics.

The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

2008 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
A. Porshakov ◽  
A. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Studying the Processes of Socialization of a Modern Teenager

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
Svetlana Alekseevna Raschetina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Internet Communication ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
Making Friends ◽  
Main Support

Relevance and problem statement. Modern unstable society is characterized by narrowing the boundaries of controlled socialization and expanding the boundaries of spontaneous socialization of a teenager based on his immersion in the question arises about the importance of the family in the process of socialization of a teenager in the conditions of expanding the space of socialization. There is a need to study the role of the family in this process, to search, develop and test research methods that allow us to reveal the phenomenon of socialization from the side of its value characteristics. The purpose and methodology of the study: to identify the possibilities of a systematic and anthropological methodology for studying the role of the family in the process of socialization of adolescents in modern conditions, testing research methods: photo research on the topic “Ego – I” (author of the German sociologist H. Abels), profile update reflexive processes (by S. A. Raschetina). Materials and results of the study. The study showed that for all the problems that exist in the family of the perestroika era and in the modern family, it acts for a teenager as a value and the first (main) support in the processes of socialization. The positions well known in psychology about the importance of interpersonal relations in adolescence for the formation of attitudes towards oneself as the basis of socialization are confirmed. Today, the frontiers of making friends have expanded enormously on the basis of Internet communication. The types of activities of interest to a teenager (traditional and new ones related to digitalization) are the third pillar of socialization. Conclusion. The “Ego – I” method of photo research has a wide range of possibilities for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the socialization process to identify the value Pillars of this process.

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