Physiology and Pathophysiology of Purinergic Neurotransmission

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 659-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Burnstock
Keyword(s):  
Purinergic Signaling ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Central Neurons ◽  
Extracellular Signaling ◽  
Purinergic Neurotransmission ◽  
History Of ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, i.e., ATP released from nerves as a transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre- and postjunctional membranes at neuroeffector junctions and synapses, as well as acting as a trophic factor during development and regeneration. Emphasis is placed on the physiology and pathophysiology of ATP, but extracellular roles of its breakdown product, adenosine, are also considered because of their intimate interactions. The early history of the involvement of ATP in autonomic and skeletal neuromuscular transmission and in activities in the central nervous system and ganglia is reviewed. Brief background information is given about the identification of receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines and about ATP storage, release, and ectoenzymatic breakdown. Evidence that ATP is a cotransmitter in most, if not all, peripheral and central neurons is presented, as well as full accounts of neurotransmission and neuromodulation in autonomic and sensory ganglia and in the brain and spinal cord. There is coverage of neuron-glia interactions and of purinergic neuroeffector transmission to nonmuscular cells. To establish the primitive and widespread nature of purinergic neurotransmission, both the ontogeny and phylogeny of purinergic signaling are considered. Finally, the pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission in both peripheral and central nervous systems is reviewed, and speculations are made about future developments.

Modulation of amino acid neurotransmitter actions by other neurotransmitters: some examples

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1115-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Marshall ◽  
Huangui Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Central Neurons ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Developments in the field of central neurotransmission indicate that amino acids serve as important and widespread transmitters throughout the central nervous system. There are increasing indications from recent experimental studies that several of the other central neurotransmitters may exert potent effects on central neurons by modulating the actions of amino acids. Noradrenaline and serotonin have received particular attention as potential modulators, and a wide variety of actions has been reported for them. Modulatory actions have been reported at both pre- and post-synaptic levels, including both short- and long-term effects and facilitation or inhibition of amino acid actions. Selectivity has been found both for specific receptor subtypes of the neuromodulator and for specific effects of amino acids. Examples of such selectivity are modification of actions of an amino acid with little effect on spontaneous activity or membrane properties of the target cell, or in comparison to the actions of other neurotransmitters, or even other selective amino acid analogs. Modulatory actions on amino acids have also been reported for several other neurotransmitters including acetylcholine and various peptides. Recent studies of angiotensin II demonstrate that when iontophoretically applied, it can potently and selectively block the depolarizing action of glutamate on locus coeruleus neurons. It is possible that physiological influences of these various transmitter substances are expressed through modification of amino acid actions, rather than through direct effects on central neurons.Key words: neuromodulation, neurotransmitters, glutamic acid, noradrenaline, angiotensin II.

Primary Melanocytoma of the Lower Thoracic Spinal Cord: Case report and review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Panagopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Total Resection ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Meningeal Melanocytoma ◽  
Melanocytic Tumors ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Thoracolumbar Region ◽  
Rare Benign Tumor ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background: Meningeal melanocytoma is a rare benign tumor, most frequently located in the posterior fossa and spinal canal. Our objective is to illustrate a case of this tumor that originated in the thoracolumbar area of the spine and had an uneventful clinical course after total resection. Case description: We present the case of a 59 years old woman who presented with a medical history of ongoing neurological deterioration due to spastic paresis of the lower extremities. MRI of the thoracolumbar region identified a melanocytic melanoma as the underlying cause. Conclusions: Melanocytic tumors of the central nervous system have a typical appearance on MRI scans, varying with the content and distribution of melanin. However, the differential diagnosis between malignant melanoma and melanocytoma still depends on pathological criteria. Spinal meningeal melanocytoma has a benign course, and it is amenable for gross total resection. The outcome is favorable following complete resection.

scholarly journals Rabies-induced Spongiform Change and Encephalitis in a Heifer

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Foley ◽  
J. F. Zachary
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Spongiform Change ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The University

A 1-year-old mixed breed heifer was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of Illinois with a 3-day history of abnormal mentation and aggressive behavior. Based on the history and clinical examination, euthanasia and necropsy were recommended. The differential diagnoses included rabies, pseudorabies, and a brain abscess. The brain was removed within 60 minutes of death, and the section submitted for fluorescent antibody testing was positive for rabies virus antigen. Residual brain tissue was immersion fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Histologic examination revealed a marked perivascular and meningeal lymphocytic meningoencephalitis and locally extensive spongiform change of the gray matter affecting the neuropil and neuron cell bodies. The most severely affected regions with spongiform change were the thalamus and cerebral cortex. No Negri bodies were found in any sections. Since the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom, there has been an increased surveillance of bovine neurologic cases in an effort to assess if BSE has occurred in the USA. In areas where rabies virus is endemic, rabies should be included as a possible differential diagnosis in cases of spongiform changes of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Severe invasive Listeria monocytogenes rhombencephalitis mimicking facial neuritis in a healthy middle-aged man: a case report and literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 030006052098265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Cao ◽  
Yanwei Lin ◽  
Hongliang Jiang ◽  
Jiehong Wei
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Stiff Neck ◽  
Atypical Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Foodborne Infection ◽  
Immunocompetent Adults

Neurolisteriosis is a foodborne infection of the central nervous system that is easily misdiagnosed, especially in healthy adults with atypical symptoms. A 50-year-old man presented with a 3-day history of distortion of the oral commissure. Facial neuritis was diagnosed and treated with intravenous dexamethasone. His condition deteriorated rapidly, and he presented with a slow pharyngeal reflex, stiff neck, and signs of peripheral facial paralysis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple ring-enhanced foci in the brainstem. Routine and biochemical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses showed increased white blood cells and microproteins. Blood culture and high-throughput genome sequencing revealed Listeria monocytogenes DNA in the CSF. Ampicillin, amikacin, and meropenem were administered, and the patient was transferred from the intensive care unit to a standard medical ward after 2 months. The patient could walk and eat normally; however, he required intermittent mechanical ventilation at 11 months after discharge. Although L. monocytogenes meningitis is rare in healthy immunocompetent adults, it must be considered as a differential diagnosis, especially in adults whose conditions do not improve with cephalosporin antibiotic administration. L. monocytogenes rhombencephalitis mimics facial neuritis and develops quickly. Prompt diagnosis is essential for rapid initiation of antibiotic therapy to achieve the best outcome.

Hemangioblastoma diagnosis and surveillance in von Hippel–Lindau disease: a consensus statement

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kristin Huntoon ◽  
Matthew J. Shepard ◽  
Rimas V. Lukas ◽  
Ian E. McCutcheon ◽  
Anthony B. Daniels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age At Onset ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cancer Network

OBJECTIVE Hemangioblastomas are a frequent underlying cause of neurological morbidity and death in patients with von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL). Although these benign tumors can cause significant neurological debility when undetected and untreated, unified evidence-based surveillance recommendations for VHL patients have not been established. To develop consensus recommendations, the VHL Alliance established an expert committee, named the International VHL Surveillance Guidelines Consortium, to define surveillance recommendations. METHODS The Central Nervous System (CNS) Hemangioblastoma Subcommittee of the Guidelines Consortium was formed as a multidisciplinary team of experts in the diagnosis and management of hemangioblastomas. Recommendations were formulated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network Categories of Evidence and Consensus categorization after a comprehensive literature review. RESULTS Published studies (n = 49) that discussed age at onset, MRI frequency, natural history of VHL, and the risks and benefits of surveillance were analyzed. Based on this analysis, the authors recommend that clinical evaluation (yearly) be used as the primary screening tool for hemangioblastomas in VHL. The subcommittee suggests that screening be performed between the ages of 11 and 65 years, or with the onset of symptoms, for synchronicity with other testing regimens in VHL. The subcommittee also recommends that baseline MRI be first performed at the age of 11 years (suggested 2B, level of evidence D) or after identification of neurological symptoms or signs (if earlier) and continue every 2 years (recommended 2A, level of evidence A). CONCLUSIONS The CNS Hemangioblastoma Subcommittee of the International VHL Surveillance Guidelines Consortium here proposes guidelines that aim to increase the early detection of VHL-associated hemangioblastomas to reduce their morbidity and mortality.

SURGERY IN A HEMOPHILIAC CHILD WITH INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-804
Author(s):  
John H. Fuerth ◽  
Paul Teng ◽  
Erwin Goldenberg
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Type A ◽  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Excessive Bleeding ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Fatal Hemorrhage ◽  
History Of ◽  
System 2 ◽  
The Central Nervous System

THE UNUSUAL bleeding tendency in hemophiliacs has been known since biblical times, and its hazards have been recognized in even such simple surgical procedures as circumcision.1 Perhaps the most dangerous complication of hemophilia is bleeding into the central nervous system.2 It therefore seems worthwhile to report the case of a 2-year-old hemophiliac who survived several intracranial hemorrhages, with two surgical interventions, but who 4 months later had a fourth and fatal hemorrhage. CASE REPORT History D. H. was a 2-year-old hemophiliac with numerous admissions to the Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Los Angeles, for bleeding episodes. He was born at another hospital, was circumcised shortly after birth and had excessive bleeding following this. His first admission was at the age of 1 year for bleeding following a tongue bite. At that time he had an abnormal result of a prothrombin consumption test, with 55% residual prothrombin in the serum. The prothrombin consumption was corrected by fresh normal plasma and barium sulfate adsorbed plasma, but not by serum or plasma from a known hemophiliac type A. The diagnosis of hemophilia type A was thus established. He had two brothers who were investigated and found to be normal. There was no abnormal bleeding tendency on his father's side, but two uncles of his mother and two first cousins were said to be "bleeders." No further details were known. Physical and Laboratory Findings The boy was admitted to the hospital on the evening of October 13, 1957, with a history of vomiting and progressive lethargy of 2 days' duration.

THE FAMILY HISTORY OF SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-595
Author(s):  
John Lorber
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spina Bifida Cystica

1. The family histories of 722 infants who were born with spina bifida cystica were studied. 2. The index cases were referred for surgical treatment and were not selected in any way from the genetic point of view. 3. Intensive inquiries were made to obtain a complete family pedigree, including a prospective follow-up of siblings born after the index case. 4. Of 1,256 siblings 85 or 6.8% had gross malformation of the central nervous system: spina bifida cystica in 54, anencephaly in 22, and uncomplicated hydrocephalus in 9. 5. Of 306 children born after the index case 25 (8%) or 1 in 12 were affected. 6. There was a progressive increase in multiple cases in the family with increasing family size. In sibships of five or more, multiple cases occurred in 24.1%. 7. In 118 families cases of gross malformation of the central nervous system were known to have occurred among members of the family other than siblings. Cases occurred in three generations. 8. It is possible that spina bifida cystica might be a recessively inherited condition.

Structural Integrity in Merchant Ships

1980 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Rolfe
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Background Information ◽  
World War ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Marine Industry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brittle Fractures ◽  
Fracture Control ◽  
Periodic Changes

Since World War II, periodic changes in the fabrication, design, and material specifications for ship steels have been made to preclude brittle fractures. These various changes are described briefly, along with a history of fracture control for ships to serve as background information for a discussion of the present-day structural integrity program for ships in the marine industry. As additional information related to the structural integrity of ship structures, a review of two recent ship failures (e.g., the Ingram Barge in 1972 and the Chester A. Poling in 1977) is presented to demonstrate some of the factors involved in brittle fractures of ships. In both of these failures there were other factors contributing to the final brittle fractures that were more important than the notch toughness levels. These factors are reviewed as the basis for an observation regarding the overall structural integrity of merchant ships.

scholarly journals The life history of Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Lesage, 1908) Pessoa, 1970: a parasite of the common laboratory animal: the frog of the genus Leptodactylus

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvio Celso Goncalves da Costa ◽  
Samuel B. Pessoa ◽  
Neize de Moura Pereira ◽  
Tania Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Life History ◽  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Laboratory

The main object of the present paper is to furnish a brief account to the knowledgement of Protozoa parasitic in common Brazilian frog of the genus Leptodactylus for general students in Zoology and for investigators that use this frog as a laboratory animal. Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Haemogregarina leptodactyli) was found in two species of frogs - Leptodactylus ocellatus and L. pentadactylus - in which develop schizogony whereas sporogony occurs in the leech Haementeria lutzi as was obtainded in experimental conditions. Intracellular forms have been found in peripheral circulation, chiefly in erythrocytes, but we have found them in leukocytes too. Tissue stages were found in frog, liver, lungs, spleen, gut, brain and heart. The occurence of hemogregarine in the Central Nervous System was recorded by Costa & al,(13) and Ball (2). Some cytochemical methods were employed in attempt to differentiate gametocytes from trophozoites in the peripheral blood and to characterize the cystic membrane as well. The speorogonic cycle was developed in only one specie of leech. A brief description of the parasite is given.

scholarly journals Intracranial And Intraorbital Rosai Dorfman Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5187-5191
Author(s):  
Sivapriya G Nair ◽  
Jina Raj ◽  
Sajesh K Menon ◽  
Suhas Udayakumaran ◽  
Roshni P R
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Mri Scan ◽  
Massive Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Rosai Dorfman Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Suprasellar Extension

Rosai Dorfman disease is a rare histiocytic disorder. It is also known as Sinus Histiocytosis. It is with massive lymphadenopathy involves an overproduction of a type of white blood cell. The disease is rarely associated with intracranial and intraorbital involvement. Intracranial Rosai-Dorfman can mimic meningioma. Other pathologies also underline its pathologies. Here, we report a nine-year-old boy with a history of proptosis of the right eye and presenting with multiple skull lesions. Histopathological study revealed Sphenopetroclival lesion, which features that of Rosai Dorfman Disease. His MRI scan of the brain was taken, which showed evidence of right optic nerve meningioma with sella and suprasellar extension, causing severe proptosis. The child underwent right frontotemporal craniotomy with petrosectomy and Transylvanian, subtemporal approach to multicompartmental Rosai-Dorfmans lesion. After four months, the patient had a recurrence of the disease on which chemotherapy and steroids were started, which also did not show much response while taking an MRI scan. A corticosteroid is a useful option in the Central Nervous System Rosai Dorfman disease treatment. But this patient showed a negative outcome to the treatment.

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