Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and Gastric Mucosal Protection: Why Doesn't the Stomach Digest Itself?

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 1547-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Ulcer Healing ◽  
Ulcer Formation ◽  
Mucosal Defense ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mucosal Lining ◽  
Chronic Ingestion ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Key Events

Except in rare cases, the stomach can withstand exposure to highly concentrated hydrochloric acid, refluxed bile salts, alcohol, and foodstuffs with a wide range of temperatures and osmolarity. This is attributed to a number of physiological responses by the mucosal lining to potentially harmful luminal agents, and to an ability to rapidly repair damage when it does occur. Since the discovery in 1971 that prostaglandin synthesis could be blocked by aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), there has been great interest in the contribution of prostaglandins to gastric mucosal defense. Prostaglandins modulate virtually every aspect of mucosal defense, and the importance of this contribution is evident by the increased susceptibility of the stomach to injury following ingestion of an NSAID. With chronic ingestion of these drugs, the development of ulcers in the stomach is a significant clinical concern. Research over the past two decades has helped to identify some of the key events triggered by NSAIDs that contribute to ulcer formation and/or impair ulcer healing. Recent research has also highlighted the fact that the protective functions of prostaglandins in the stomach can be carried out by other mediators, in particular the gaseous mediators nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. Better understanding of the mechanisms through which the stomach is able to resist injury in the presence of luminal irritants is helping to drive the development of safer anti-inflammatory drugs, and therapies to accelerate and improve the quality of ulcer healing.

Heparin and proteoglycans as anti-inflammatory drugs

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
D. J. Tyrrell ◽  
C. P. Page
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

SummaryEvidence continues to accumulate that the pleiotropic nature of heparin (beyond its anticoagulant potency) includes anti-inflammatory activities at a number of levels. It is clear that drugs exploiting these anti-inflammatory activities of heparin may offer exciting new therapeutic applications to the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory diseases.

Immune modulations and immunotherapies for Alzheimer’s disease: a comprehensive review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Mahdiabadi ◽  
Sara Momtazmanesh ◽  
George Perry ◽  
Nima Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Tau Proteins ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Immune Related Genes

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is characterized by progressive cognitive and memory impairment ensued from neuronal dysfunction and eventual death. Intraneuronal deposition of tau proteins and extracellular senile amyloid-β plaques have ruled as the supreme postulations of AD for a relatively long time, and accordingly, a wide range of therapeutics, especially immunotherapies have been implemented. However, none of them resulted in significant positive cognitive outcomes. Especially, the repetitive failure of anti-amyloid therapies proves the inefficiency of the amyloid cascade hypothesis, suggesting that it is time to reconsider this hypothesis. Thus, for the time being, the focus is being shifted to neuroinflammation as a third core pathology in AD. Neuroinflammation was previously considered a result of the two aforementioned phenomena, but new studies suggest that it might play a causal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Neuroinflammation can act as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of AD, and the activation of glial cells is indispensable for mediating such attenuating or detrimental effects. The association of immune-related genes polymorphisms with the clinical phenotype of AD as well as the protective effect of anti-inflammatory drugs like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs supports the possible causal role of neuroinflammation in AD. Here, we comprehensively review immune-based therapeutic approaches toward AD, including monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. We also discuss their efficacy and underlying reasons for shortcomings. Lastly, we highlight the capacity of modulating the neuroimmune interactions and targeting neuroinflammation as a promising opportunity for finding optimal treatments for AD.

Adverse reactions with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
M. L. Maksimov ◽  
N. M. Kiseleva ◽  
D. G. Semenikhin ◽  
B. K. Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Prevention Method ◽  
Effective Medication ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are included in a pharmacological group of drugs with different chemical structures providing anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic actions, as well as antiplatelet action to a certain degree. Unfortunately, NSAIDs can cause a wide range of adverse reactions (AR) posing a serious risk to the health and life of patients. Therefore, the rational use of NSAIDs should include methods for effective prevention of drug complications. Many NSAIDs have a pronounced therapeutic effect, simultaneously causing many undesirable effects, so the drug shall be chosen considering the development of predicted side effects and modern algorithms. According to clinical recommendations, risk factors and administration of safer NSAIDs shall be considered as the main prevention method. Besides, it is possible to protect the patient from the upper gastrointestinal tract complications using proton pump inhibitors. It should be noted that there are no effective medication methods for kidney and liver protection to reduce the risk of NSAID-associated complications.

Non-steroidal anti-flammatory drugs in domestic animals: I. Their classification, mechanism of action and pharmacological effects

1991 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Chemical Groups

A large number of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, of different chemical groups are available for veterinary use. These drugs act mainly by inhibiting the. formation of endoperoxides (prostaglandins and thromboxanes) through the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase in the eicosanoid pathway. A wide range of pharmacological effects, including analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects occur as a result of this inhibition. The classification, mechanism of action and pharmacological effects of these drugs are reviewed.

Investigation of interference by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in urine tests for abused drugs

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Rollins ◽  
T A Jennison ◽  
G Jones
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay ◽  
Dosage Regimens ◽  
Chronic Ingestion ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Abused Drugs ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Test Result

Abstract Anecdotal and uncontrolled studies have suggested that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs produce false-positive results in immunoassay urine tests for some drugs of abuse. This study was performed in 60 volunteers who took ibuprofen as either a single 400-mg dose, or 200 mg three times a day, or 400 mg three times a day, and in 42 patients taking ibuprofen, naproxyn, or fenoprofen in therapeutic regimens for more than 30 days. Of the 510 urines collected from 102 individuals during these dosage regimens, two gave false-positive tests for cannabinoid by enzyme-mediated immunoassay (EMIA), one after 1200 mg of ibuprofen in three divided doses for one day and one in a patient taking naproxyn on a chronic basis; none was falsely positive for benzodiazepines. Two urines were false-positive for barbiturates by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), one in a patient taking ibuprofen and one in a patient taking naproxyn. These data, collected prospectively, demonstrate the small likelihood of a false-positive immunoassay test result for cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, or barbiturates after the acute or chronic ingestion of ibuprofen, or after the chronic ingestion of naproxyn or fenoprofen.

scholarly journals The impact of non-pharmacological treatments for diseases of the locomotor system on the prescribed drug use and lifestyles of the patients in the sanatoria in Busko-Zdroj

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-277
Author(s):  
Milena Korczak ◽  
Jacek Owczarek
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
The Third ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The article is the result of research on the impact of non-pharmacological therapies for diseases of the locomotor system on the prescribed drug use and lifestyles of the patients of the sanatoria in Busko-Zdroj. The reported research uses primary and secondary measures. The former includes the assessment of the impact of non-pharmacological sanatorium treatments for locomotor system diseases on the use of prescribed drug regimes, while the latter is aimed at assessing the patients’ quality of life. The research was conducted on adult patients of both genders in the sanatoria in Busko-Zdroj. The subjects were patients suffering from disorders of the musculoskeletal system such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and discopathies. The research included two visits, the first at the start of the research and the second at the end of the research. The patients were examined for a period of three consecutive weeks. The study involved 170 patients, 50% of them were women and 50% men. A decline in the use of painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs makes a very interesting finding. After the first week, as many as 38% of the examined patients limited the use of painkillers and/or anti-inflammatory drugs. After the second week, 62% of the patients reduced the use of the drugs, and after the third week of treatment, up to 90% of the patients did so. The improvement of patients’ lives is noticeable in the psychological, physical and motor fields.

Gastroprotective and ulcer healing effects of nitric oxide-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 583-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Brzozowski ◽  
P.Ch. Konturek ◽  
S.J. Konturek ◽  
Z. Sliwowski ◽  
D. Drozdowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Ulcer Healing ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Nitric Oxide Releasing
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