scholarly journals The Logic of Carotid Body Connectivity to the Brain

Physiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tymoteusz Zera ◽  
Davi J. A. Moraes ◽  
Melina P. da Silva ◽  
James P. Fisher ◽  
Julian F. R. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Differential Modulation ◽  
Glomus Cell ◽  
Distinct Component ◽  
Differential Control ◽  
The Brain

The carotid body has emerged as a therapeutic target for cardio-respiratory-metabolic diseases. With the expansive functions of the chemoreflex, we sought mechanisms to explain differential control of individual responses. We purport a remarkable correlation between phenotype of a chemosensory unit (glomus cell-sensory afferent) with a distinct component of the reflex response. This logic could permit differential modulation of distinct chemoreflex responses, a strategy ideal for therapeutic exploitation.

scholarly journals Learning of food preferences: mechanisms and implications for obesity & metabolic diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud ◽  
Christopher D. Morrison ◽  
Karen Ackroff ◽  
Anthony Sclafani
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Dietary Knowledge ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vagal Function

AbstractOmnivores, including rodents and humans, compose their diets from a wide variety of potential foods. Beyond the guidance of a few basic orosensory biases such as attraction to sweet and avoidance of bitter, they have limited innate dietary knowledge and must learn to prefer foods based on their flavors and postoral effects. This review focuses on postoral nutrient sensing and signaling as an essential part of the reward system that shapes preferences for the associated flavors of foods. We discuss the extensive array of sensors in the gastrointestinal system and the vagal pathways conveying information about ingested nutrients to the brain. Earlier studies of vagal contributions were limited by nonselective methods that could not easily distinguish the contributions of subsets of vagal afferents. Recent advances in technique have generated substantial new details on sugar- and fat-responsive signaling pathways. We explain methods for conditioning flavor preferences and their use in evaluating gut–brain communication. The SGLT1 intestinal sugar sensor is important in sugar conditioning; the critical sensors for fat are less certain, though GPR40 and 120 fatty acid sensors have been implicated. Ongoing work points to particular vagal pathways to brain reward areas. An implication for obesity treatment is that bariatric surgery may alter vagal function.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis: Role of Autophagy and Mitophagy Focusing in Microglia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3330
Author(s):  
Mehdi Eshraghi ◽  
Aida Adlimoghaddam ◽  
Amir Mahmoodzadeh ◽  
Farzaneh Sharifzad ◽  
Hamed Yasavoli-Sharahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Neurological Disorder ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Current Review ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Comprehensive Discussion

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurological disorder, and currently, there is no cure for it. Several pathologic alterations have been described in the brain of AD patients, but the ultimate causative mechanisms of AD are still elusive. The classic hallmarks of AD, including am-yloid plaques (Aβ) and tau tangles (tau), are the most studied features of AD. Unfortunately, all the efforts targeting these pathologies have failed to show the desired efficacy in AD patients so far. Neuroinflammation and impaired autophagy are two other main known pathologies in AD. It has been reported that these pathologies exist in AD brain long before the emergence of any clinical manifestation of AD. Microglia are the main inflammatory cells in the brain and are considered by many researchers as the next hope for finding a viable therapeutic target in AD. Interestingly, it appears that the autophagy and mitophagy are also changed in these cells in AD. Inside the cells, autophagy and inflammation interact in a bidirectional manner. In the current review, we briefly discussed an overview on autophagy and mitophagy in AD and then provided a comprehensive discussion on the role of these pathways in microglia and their involvement in AD pathogenesis.

12,13-diHOME as a new therapeutic target for metabolic diseases

Life Sciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 120229
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Azevêdo Macêdo ◽  
Vitor Rosetto Muñoz ◽  
Dennys Esper Cintra ◽  
José Rodrigo Pauli
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Metabolic Diseases

scholarly journals An O2-Sensitive Glomus Cell-Stem Cell Synapse Induces Carotid Body Growth in Chronic Hypoxia

Cell ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 156 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 291-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Platero-Luengo ◽  
Susana González-Granero ◽  
Rocío Durán ◽  
Blanca Díaz-Castro ◽  
José I. Piruat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Chronic Hypoxia ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Glomus Cell ◽  
Cell Synapse ◽  
Cell Stem Cell

Differential control of sympathetic nerve discharge by the brain stem

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (3) ◽  
pp. R513-R519 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Barman ◽  
G. L. Gebber ◽  
F. R. Calaresu
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Frequency Component ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Medullary Raphe ◽  
Reticular Neurons ◽  
Differential Control ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Raphe Neurons

This investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that the brain stem differentially controls the basal discharges of postganglionic sympathetic nerves distributed to different organs. Previous studies have shown that the 2- to 6-Hz activity pattern in sympathetic nerves of the baroreceptor-denervated cat originates in the brain stem. In the current study, autocorrelation and power spectral analyses were used to compare the 2- to 6-Hz frequency components of the simultaneously recorded discharges of postganglionic sympathetic nerve pairs (inferior cardiac and renal; external carotid and renal) in baroreceptor-denervated cats anesthetized with sodium diallylbarbiturate and urethan (Dialurethane). In addition, spike-triggered averaging was used to compare the relative strengths of coupling of the basal discharges of single ventrolateral medullary reticular or medullary raphe neurons to activity in postganglionic sympathetic nerve pairs. The major findings of the study are as follows: 1) the predominant 2- to 6-Hz frequency component in the basal discharges of one sympathetic nerve often was different from that in the discharges of a second nerve, and 2) the activity of approximately one-third of ventrolateral medullary reticular neurons and one-half of medullary raphe neurons (with sympathetic-related activity) was differentially related to the discharges of postganglionic nerve pairs. These results support the view that the brain stem reticular formation and raphe complex exert their influences on different sympathetic nerves in a nonuniform fashion.

scholarly journals Update on FXR Biology: Promising Therapeutic Target?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Han
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Attractive Therapeutic Target

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a metabolic nuclear receptor, plays critical roles in the maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis and the integrity of many organs, including liver and intestine. It regulates bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, and contributes to inter-organ communication, in particular the enterohepatic signaling pathway, through bile acids and fibroblast growth factor-15/19 (FGF-15/19). The metabolic effects of FXR are also involved in gut microbiota. In addition, FXR has various functions in the kidney, adipose tissue, pancreas, cardiovascular system, and tumorigenesis. Consequently, the deregulation of FXR may lead to abnormalities of specific organs and metabolic dysfunction, allowing the protein as an attractive therapeutic target for the management of liver and/or metabolic diseases. Indeed, many FXR agonists have been being developed and are under pre-clinical and clinical investigations. Although obeticholic acid (OCA) is one of the promising candidates, significant safety issues have remained. The effects of FXR modulation might be multifaceted according to tissue specificity, disease type, and/or energy status, suggesting the careful use of FXR agonists. This review summarizes the current knowledge of systemic FXR biology in various organs and the gut–liver axis, particularly regarding the recent advancement in these fields, and also provides pharmacological aspects of FXR modulation for rational therapeutic strategies and novel drug development.

scholarly journals Striking parallels between carotid body glomus cell and adrenal chromaffin cell development

2018 ◽  
Vol 444 ◽  
pp. S308-S324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorit Hockman ◽  
Igor Adameyko ◽  
Marketa Kaucka ◽  
Perrine Barraud ◽  
Tomoki Otani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Body ◽  
Chromaffin Cell ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Glomus Cell ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin Cell ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin
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