Neurotrophin-Mediated Rapid Signaling in the Central Nervous System: Mechanisms and Functions

Physiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Blum ◽  
Arthur Konnerth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Membrane Excitability ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Trk Receptors ◽  
Ionotropic Receptors ◽  
Central Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rapid Signaling ◽  
Activity Dependent

Neurotrophins regulate growth, survival, and differentiation of central neurons. In addition to the “classical” effects that are relatively slow neurotrophins also elicit rapid signaling that modulates a variety of cellular functions such as membrane excitability, synaptic transmission, and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. These rapid actions are mediated mainly through the interaction of Trk receptors with ion channels and ionotropic receptors in the plasma membrane.

Understanding Neuropathic Pain

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Zieglgänsberger ◽  
Achim Berthele ◽  
Thomas R. Tölle
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitters ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Activity Dependent

AbstractNeuropathic pain is defined as a chronic pain condition that occurs or persists after a primary lesion or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system. Traumatic injury of peripheral nerves also increases the excitability of nociceptors in and around nerve trunks and involves components released from nerve terminals (neurogenic inflammation) and immunological and vascular components from cells resident within or recruited into the affected area. Action potentials generated in nociceptors and injured nerve fibers release excitatory neurotransmitters at their synaptic terminals such as L-glutamate and substance P and trigger cellular events in the central nervous system that extend over different time frames. Short-term alterations of neuronal excitability, reflected for example in rapid changes of neuronal discharge activity, are sensitive to conventional analgesics, and do not commonly involve alterations in activity-dependent gene expression. Novel compounds and new regimens for drug treatment to influence activity-dependent long-term changes in pain transducing and suppressive systems (pain matrix) are emerging.

scholarly journals New Insights into ADAMTS Metalloproteases in the Central Nervous System

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamina Mohamedi ◽  
Tania Fontanil ◽  
Teresa Cobo ◽  
Santiago Cal ◽  
Alvaro J. Obaya
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Axonal Guidance ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Neuronal Disorders

Components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are key players in regulating cellular functions throughout the whole organism. In fact, ECM components not only participate in tissue organization but also contribute to processes such as cellular maintenance, proliferation, and migration, as well as to support for various signaling pathways. In the central nervous system (CNS), proteoglycans of the lectican family, such as versican, aggrecan, brevican, and neurocan, are important constituents of the ECM. In recent years, members of this family have been found to be involved in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis and to participate directly in processes such as the organization of perineural nets, the regulation of brain plasticity, CNS development, brain injury repair, axonal guidance, and even the altering of synaptic responses. ADAMTSs are a family of “A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs” proteins that have been found to be involved in a multitude of processes through the degradation of lecticans and other proteoglycans. Recently, alterations in ADAMTS expression and activity have been found to be involved in neuronal disorders such as stroke, neurodegeneration, schizophrenia, and even Alzheimer’s disease, which in turn may suggest their potential use as therapeutic targets. Herein, we summarize the different roles of ADAMTSs in regulating CNS events through interactions and the degradation of ECM components (more specifically, the lectican family of proteoglycans).

scholarly journals Social Experience-Dependent Myelination: An Implication for Psychiatric Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michihiro Toritsuka ◽  
Manabu Makinodan ◽  
Toshifumi Kishimoto
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Molecules ◽  
Activity Dependent

Myelination is one of the strategies to promote the conduction velocity of axons in order to adjust to evolving environment in vertebrates. It has been shown that myelin formation depends on genetic programing and experience, including multiple factors, intracellular and extracellular molecules, and neuronal activities. Recently, accumulating studies have shown that myelination in the central nervous system changes more dynamically in response to neuronal activities and experience than expected. Among experiences, social experience-dependent myelination draws attention as one of the critical pathobiologies of psychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of neuronal activity-dependent and social experience-dependent myelination and discuss the contribution of social experience-dependent myelination to the pathology of psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Biophysical demonstration of co-packaging of glutamate and GABA in individual synaptic vesicles in the central nervous system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeulAh Kim ◽  
Michael Wallace ◽  
Mahmoud El-Rifai ◽  
Alexa Knudsen ◽  
Bernardo Sabatini
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Entopeduncular Nucleus ◽  
Lateral Habenula ◽  
Ionotropic Receptors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Brain

Many mammalian neurons release multiple neurotransmitters to activate diverse classes of ionotropic receptors on their postsynaptic targets. Entopeduncular nucleus somatostatin (EP Sst+) neurons that project to the lateral habenula (LHb) release both glutamate and GABA, but it is unclear if these are packaged into the same or segregated pools of synaptic vesicles. Here we describe a novel method combining electrophysiology, spatially-patterned optogenetics, and computational modeling designed to analyze the mechanism of glutamate/GABA corelease. We find that the properties of PSCs elicited in LHb neurons by optogenetic activation of EP Sst+ terminals are only consistent with co-packaging of glutamate and GABA into individual vesicles. Furthermore, serotonin, which acts presynaptically to weaken EP Sst+ to LHb synapses, does so by altering the release probability of vesicles containing both transmitters. Our approach is broadly applicable to the study of multi-transmitter neurons throughout the brain and our results constrain mechanisms of neuromodulation in LHb.

scholarly journals Synaptic GluN2A-Containing NMDA Receptors: From Physiology to Pathological Synaptic Plasticity

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Franchini ◽  
Nicolò Carrano ◽  
Monica Di Luca ◽  
Fabrizio Gardoni
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Interacting Proteins ◽  
Regulatory Subunits ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nmdar Subunit ◽  
Activity Dependent

N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors. NMDARs are tetramers composed by several homologous subunits of GluN1-, GluN2-, or GluN3-type, leading to the existence in the central nervous system of a high variety of receptor subtypes with different pharmacological and signaling properties. NMDAR subunit composition is strictly regulated during development and by activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Given the differences between GluN2 regulatory subunits of NMDAR in several functions, here we will focus on the synaptic pool of NMDARs containing the GluN2A subunit, addressing its role in both physiology and pathological synaptic plasticity as well as the contribution in these events of different types of GluN2A-interacting proteins.

scholarly journals Role of L-glutamate in aggression

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 740-744
Author(s):  
Bogdan Feliks Kania ◽  
Danuta Wrońska
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Steroid Receptors ◽  
Cation Channels ◽  
Metabotropic Receptor ◽  
Ionotropic Receptors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Stimulation Of

L-glutamate is one of major excitatory transmitters (along with aspartic, kainate acids and glycine) in the central nervous system and/or the peripheral nervous system. It mediates interaction through the stimulation of various ionotropic receptors families (ligand gated cation channels) and metabotropic receptor families (G-protein coupled). In this review, we describe the molecular composition of these glutamatergic receptors and discuss their neuropharmacology, particularly with respect to their roles in animal social behaviors and, particularly, in aggression. It is also known, that during aggression different interactions occur in the nervous system among glutamate, serotonin, vasopressin, oxytocin, dopamine, GABA and steroid receptors.

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