scholarly journals Physiology in Perspective: Anatomy and Physiology—Structure and Function in Biology

Physiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 379-380
Author(s):  
Gary C. Sieck
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Die brein soos beskou deur die Grieke en Romeine

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois P. Retief ◽  
Louise Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Remarkable Advance ◽  
The Brain

In Ancient Egypt mummification was associated with extensive organ resection, but the brain was removed through a hole cut in the ethnocide bone. It was thus not observed as an organ. Greek writers of the 6th and 5th centuries BC originally said the brain was the seat of intelligence, the organ of sensory perception and partially the origin of sperm. The substance pneuma, originating from fresh air, played an essential role in brain function. Hippocrates initially described the brain as a double organ, covered by meninges and responsible for perception. Contemporaries like Plato, Aristotle and Diocles confirmed the findings though the latter two considered the heart to be the centre of intelligence. During the late 4th century BC, with the onset of the Hellenistic era of medicine, dissection of the human body was temporarily allowed at the medical school of Alexandria, and this led to a remarkable advance in the understanding of human anatomy and physiology under Herophilus and Erasistratus. Their excellent descriptions of the structure and function of the brain was only matched and surpassed by Galen in the 2nd century AD.

Anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jennie Burch ◽  
Brigitte Collins
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Pelvic Cavity ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function

The anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract chapter provides information on the parts, structure, and function of the gut. The hollow tube of the gastrointestinal tract begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The GI tract in part lies within the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. There are also the accessory organs of the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. The nerves, hormones, secretions, and blood supply to the gut are also explored. The role of the GI tract is to ingest food and fluids. These are digested through mechanical and chemical means such as chewing. The nutrients are then absorbed, predominantly in the ileum. Waste products are finally eliminated via the anus.

scholarly journals Question order and student understanding of structure and function

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli P. Carter ◽  
Luanna B. Prevost
Keyword(s):  
Student Understanding ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Formative Assessments ◽  
Related Structure ◽  
Lexical Analysis ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
Question Order ◽  
And Function ◽  
Student Explanations

The relationship between structure and function is a core concept in physiology education. Written formative assessments can provide insight into student learning of the structure and function relationship, which can then inform pedagogy. However, question order may influence student explanations. We explored how the order of questions from different cognitive levels affects student explanations. A junior level General Physiology class was randomly split in half. One-half of the students answered, “Define the principle: form reflects function,” followed by “Give an example of the principle: form reflects function” (format DX), whereas the other half answered, “Give an example of the principle: form reflects function,” followed by “Define the principle: form reflects function” (format XD). Human grading and computerized lexical analysis were used to evaluate student responses. Two percent of students in the format DX group related structure and function in their definition, whereas 48% of students related structure and function in their examples. In the format XD group, 17% related structure and function in their definition, and 26% related structure and function in their example of the principle. Overall, students performed better on the last question in the sequence, which may be evidence for conceptual priming. Computerized lexical analysis revealed that students draw on only a few levels of organization and may be used by instructors to quickly assess the levels of organization students use in their responses. Written assessment coupled with lexical analysis has the potential to reveal student understanding of core concepts in anatomy and physiology education.

scholarly journals Advances in the Research of Bioinks Based on Natural Collagen, Polysaccharide and Their Derivatives for Skin 3D Bioprinting

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Xu ◽  
Shuangshuang Zheng ◽  
Xueyan Hu ◽  
Liying Li ◽  
Wenfang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Research ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Component ◽  
Matrix Component ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
And Function ◽  
Medical Therapeutics

The skin plays an important role in protecting the human body, and wound healing must be set in motion immediately following injury or trauma to restore the normal structure and function of skin. The extracellular matrix component of the skin mainly consists of collagen, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), elastin and hyaluronic acid (HA). Recently, natural collagen, polysaccharide and their derivatives such as collagen, gelatin, alginate, chitosan and pectin have been selected as the matrix materials of bioink to construct a functional artificial skin due to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties by 3D bioprinting, which is a revolutionary technology with the potential to transform both research and medical therapeutics. In this review, we outline the current skin bioprinting technologies and the bioink components for skin bioprinting. We also summarize the bioink products practiced in research recently and current challenges to guide future research to develop in a promising direction. While there are challenges regarding currently available skin bioprinting, addressing these issues will facilitate the rapid advancement of 3D skin bioprinting and its ability to mimic the native anatomy and physiology of skin and surrounding tissues in the future.

Spinal processing: anatomy and physiology of spinal nociceptive mechanisms

1985 ◽  
Vol 308 (1136) ◽  
pp. 235-252 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Nociceptive Pathways ◽  
Nociceptive Information ◽  
And Function

The processing of nociceptive input that occurs at the spinal level represents the first stage of effective control over its access to higher regions of the central nervous system. Recent developments in both the anatomy and physiology of nociceptive processing pathways at this level are beginning to yield an integrated understanding of structure and function. Most small afferent axons terminate in the more superficial laminae of dorsal horn, but technical difficulties have, until recently, prevented analysis of the functional properties of identified small fibres. A direct input of nociceptive afferents on to particular dorsal horn neurons is difficult to establish in view of the slow impulse conduction in these fibres and the small size of target neurons in the substantia gelatinosa. The small cells themselves are being analysed for relations between structure and function, using physiological, intracellular staining and immunocytochemical techniques to characterize their properties. They appear to be a highly heterogeneous population with many sub-classes, whether typed according to the transmitter they contain, e.g. enkephalin, to their physiological responses: whether excitatory or inhibitory to nociceptive and other inputs, or to both. The multireceptive neurons that project out of the dorsal horn toward supraspinal regions are, in general, located in deeper laminae and are likely to receive nociceptive information through polysynaptic pathways. The nocireceptive neurons in lamina I, which receive exclusively nociceptive inputs from myelinated and non-myelinated afferents project, at least in part, to thalamic and brain stem regions. Polysynaptic nociceptive pathways in dorsal horn may be subject to different controls from neurons in laminae I and II. Tonic descending inhibition is operative on the former and it is becoming clearly established that descending systems such as those containing noradrenaline, can regulate the access of nociceptive information to higher levels. The mechanisms of such descending controls and the importance of their interaction with segmental control systems, such as those involving the dynorphin opioids, are just beginning to be understood. Many somatosensory neurons in dorsal horn, both the large cells, some of which project supraspinally, and the small cells of superficial laminae, receive convergent nociceptive and non-nociceptive inputs. Although solely nociresponsive neurons are clearly likely to fill a role in the processing and signalling of pain in the conscious central nervous system, the way in which such useful specificity could be conveyed by multireceptive neurons is difficult to appreciate. The question of specificity of nociceptive pathways at higher levels and that of the role, if any, of multireceptive cells in pain signalling will be important future targets for research.

Anatomy and physiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Terry Robinson ◽  
Jane Scullion
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Wide Tube ◽  
Exchange Area ◽  
Lower Airways ◽  
And Function

This chapter covers some fundamental aspects of the respiratory tract, and describes the structure and function of both the upper and lower airways, processes by which air is moved from the external environment to the gas exchange area of the lungs, and some of the aspects of the normal respiratory tract which are affected by the more common respiratory diseases. Its functions in terms of respiration are to facilitate the uptake of oxygen; eliminate carbon dioxide; and maintain the pH of the blood. Conventionally the tract is divided into upper and lower parts. The upper tract is composed of the mouth, nasal passages, and behind these a wide tube termed the pharynx. This receives inhaled air from the nose and mouth and accordingly is termed the naso- and oropharynx, respectively.

scholarly journals Sensory Processing at Ribbon Synapses in the Retina and the Cochlea

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Moser ◽  
Chad P. Grabner ◽  
Frank Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Ribbon Synapses ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Anatomy ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
And Function

In recent years, sensory neuroscientists have made major efforts to dissect the structure and function of ribbon synapses which process sensory information in the eye and ear. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of two key aspects of ribbon synapses: 1) their mechanisms of exocytosis and endocytosis and 2) their molecular anatomy and physiology. Our comparison of ribbon synapses in the cochlea and the retina reveals convergent signaling mechanisms, as well as divergent strategies in different sensory systems.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document