Chronometry of Visual Responses in Frontal Eye Field, Supplementary Eye Field, and Anterior Cingulate Cortex

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 2086-2092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pouget ◽  
Erik E. Emeric ◽  
Veit Stuphorn ◽  
Kate Reis ◽  
Jeffrey D. Schall
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Visual Response ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Latency Variability ◽  
Eye Field

The latency and variability of latency of single-unit responses to identical visual stimulation were measured in the frontal eye field (FEF), supplementary eye field (SEF), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of macaque monkeys performing visually guided saccades. The mean visual response latency was significantly shorter in FEF (64 ms) than in SEF (81 ms) or ACC (100 ms), and latency values determined by four methods agreed. The latency variability of the visual response was respectively less in FEF (21 ms) than in SEF (37 ms) or ACC (41 ms). Latency, variability of latency, and magnitude of the visual responses were correlated within FEF and SEF but not ACC. These characteristics of the visual response are consistent with the degree of convergence of visual afferents to these areas and constrain hypotheses about visual processing in the frontal lobe.

Frontoparietal Activation With Preparation for Antisaccades

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 1751-1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. G. Brown ◽  
Tutis Vilis ◽  
Stefan Everling
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Peripheral Stimulus ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Eye Field

Several current models hold that frontoparietal areas exert cognitive control by biasing task-relevant processing in other brain areas. Previous event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have compared prosaccades and antisaccades, which require subjects to look toward or away from a flashed peripheral stimulus, respectively. These studies found greater activation for antisaccades in frontal and parietal regions at the ends of long (≥6 s) preparatory periods preceding peripheral stimulus presentation. Event-related fMRI studies using short preparatory periods (≤4 s) have not found such activation differences except in the frontal eye field. Here, we identified activation differences associated with short (1-s) preparatory periods by interleaving half trials among regular whole trials in a rapid fMRI design. On whole trials, a colored fixation dot instructed human subjects to make either a prosaccade toward or an antisaccade away from a peripheral visual stimulus. Half trials included only the instruction and not peripheral stimulus presentation or saccade generation. Nonetheless, half trials evoked stronger activation on antisaccades than on prosaccades in the frontal eye field (FEF), supplementary eye field (SEF), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and precuneus. Greater antisaccade response-related activation was found in FEF, SEF, IPS, and precuneus but not in DLPFC or ACC. These results demonstrate greater preparatory activation for antisaccades versus prosaccades in frontoparietal areas and suggest that prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are more involved in presetting the saccade network for the antisaccade task than generating the actual antisaccade response.

scholarly journals Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement, Memory, and Vision to the Superior Colliculus

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1673-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Sommer ◽  
Robert H. Wurtz
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Visual Response ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Output Neurons

Many neurons within prefrontal cortex exhibit a tonic discharge between visual stimulation and motor response. This delay activity may contribute to movement, memory, and vision. We studied delay activity sent from the frontal eye field (FEF) in prefrontal cortex to the superior colliculus (SC). We evaluated whether this efferent delay activity was related to movement, memory, or vision, to establish its possible functions. Using antidromic stimulation, we identified 66 FEF neurons projecting to the SC and we recorded from them while monkeys performed a Go/Nogo task. Early in every trial, a monkey was instructed as to whether it would have to make a saccade (Go) or not (Nogo) to a target location, which permitted identification of delay activity related to movement. In half of the trials (memory trials), the target disappeared, which permitted identification of delay activity related to memory. In the remaining trials (visual trials), the target remained visible, which permitted identification of delay activity related to vision. We found that 77% (51/66) of the FEF output neurons had delay activity. In 53% (27/51) of these neurons, delay activity was modulated by Go/Nogo instructions. The modulation preceded saccades made into only part of the visual field, indicating that the modulation was movement-related. In some neurons, delay activity was modulated by Go/Nogo instructions in both memory and visual trials and seemed to represent where to move in general. In other neurons, delay activity was modulated by Go/Nogo instructions only in memory trials, which suggested that it was a correlate of working memory, or only in visual trials, which suggested that it was a correlate of visual attention. In 47% (24/51) of FEF output neurons, delay activity was unaffected by Go/Nogo instructions, which indicated that the activity was related to the visual stimulus. In some of these neurons, delay activity occurred in both memory and visual trials and seemed to represent a coordinate in visual space. In others, delay activity occurred only in memory trials and seemed to represent transient visual memory. In the remainder, delay activity occurred only in visual trials and seemed to be a tonic visual response. In conclusion, the FEF sends diverse delay activity signals related to movement, memory, and vision to the SC, where the signals may be used for saccade generation. Downstream transmission of various delay activity signals may be an important, general way in which the prefrontal cortex contributes to the control of movement.

Spatial Processing in the Monkey Frontal Eye Field. I. Predictive Visual Responses

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1373-1383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc M. Umeno ◽  
Michael E. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Spatial Processing ◽  
Explicit Calculation ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Visual Response ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Visual Cells ◽  
Eye Field

Umeno, M. M. and Goldberg, M. E. Spatial processing in the monkey frontal eye field. I. Predictive visual responses. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1373–1383, 1997. Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus show predictive visual responses. They respond before an impending saccade to a stimulus that will be brought into their receptive field by that saccade. In these experiments we sought to establish whether the monkey frontal eye field had a similar predictive response. We recorded from 100 presaccadic frontal eye field neurons (32 visual cells, 48 visuomovement cells, and 20 movement cells) with the use of the classification criteria of Bruce and Goldberg. We studied each cell in a continuous stimulus task, where the monkey made a saccade that brought a recently appearing stimulus into its receptive field. The latency of response in the continuous stimulus task varied from 52 ms before the saccade to 272 ms after the saccade. We classified cells as having predictive visual responses if their latency in the continuous stimulus task was less than the latency of their visual on response to a stimulus in their receptive or movement field as described in a visual fixation task. Thirty-four percent (11 of 32) of the visual cells, 31% (15 of 48) of the visuomovement cells, and no (0 of 20) movement cells showed a predictive visual response. The cells with predictive responses never responded to the stimulus when the monkey did not make the saccade that would bring that stimulus into the receptive field, and never discharged in association with that saccade unless it brought a stimulus into the receptive field. The response in the continuous stimulus task was almost always weaker than the visual on response to a stimulus flashed in the receptive field. Because cells with visual responses but not cells with movement activity alone showed the effect, we conclude that the predictive visual response is a property of the visual processing in the frontal eye field, i.e., a response to the stimulus in the future receptive field. It is not dependent on the actual planning or execution of a saccade to that stimulus. We suggest that the predictive visual mechanism is one in which the brain dynamically calculates the spatial location of objects in terms of desired displacement. This enables the oculomotor system to perform in a spatially accurate manner when there is a dissonance between the retinal location of a target and the saccade necessary to acquire that target. This mechanism does not require an explicit calculation of target position in some supraretinal coordinatesystem.

scholarly journals Neuronal Adaptation Caused by Sequential Visual Stimulation in the Frontal Eye Field

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1923-1935 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Patrick Mayo ◽  
Marc A. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Neuronal Adaptation ◽  
Retinal Input ◽  
Eye Field

Images on the retina can change drastically in only a few milliseconds. A robust description of visual temporal processing is therefore necessary to understand visual analysis in the real world. To this end, we studied subsecond visual changes and asked how prefrontal neurons in monkeys respond to stimuli presented in quick succession. We recorded the visual responses of single neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF), a prefrontal area polysynaptically removed from the retina that is involved with higher level cognition. For comparison, we also recorded from small groups of neurons in the superficial superior colliculus (supSC), an area that receives direct retinal input. Two sequential flashes of light at varying interstimulus intervals were presented in a neuron's receptive field. We found pervasive neuronal adaptation in FEF and supSC. Visual responses to the second stimulus were diminished for up to half a second after the first stimulus presentation. Adaptation required a similar amount of time to return to full responsiveness in both structures, but there was significantly more neuronal adaptation overall in FEF. Adaptation was not affected by saccades, although visual responses to single stimuli were transiently suppressed postsaccadically. Our FEF and supSC results systematically document subsecond visual adaptation in prefrontal cortex and show that this adaptation is comparable to, but stronger than, adaptation found earlier in the visual system.

EXPANSION OF THE ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX IN CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISABILITY OF UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (S 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mannerkoski ◽  
H Heiskala ◽  
K Van Leemput ◽  
L Åberg ◽  
R Raininko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disability ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Unknown Aetiology
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