scholarly journals Unique characteristics of motor adaptation during walking in young children

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 2195-2203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin E. Musselman ◽  
Susan K. Patrick ◽  
Erin V. L. Vasudevan ◽  
Amy J. Bastian ◽  
Jaynie F. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Temporal Coordination ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

Children show precocious ability in the learning of languages; is this the case with motor learning? We used split-belt walking to probe motor adaptation (a form of motor learning) in children. Data from 27 children (ages 8–36 mo) were compared with those from 10 adults. Children walked with the treadmill belts at the same speed (tied belt), followed by walking with the belts moving at different speeds (split belt) for 8–10 min, followed again by tied-belt walking (postsplit). Initial asymmetries in temporal coordination (i.e., double support time) induced by split-belt walking were slowly reduced, with most children showing an aftereffect (i.e., asymmetry in the opposite direction to the initial) in the early postsplit period, indicative of learning. In contrast, asymmetries in spatial coordination (i.e., center of oscillation) persisted during split-belt walking and no aftereffect was seen. Step length, a measure of both spatial and temporal coordination, showed intermediate effects. The time course of learning in double support and step length was slower in children than in adults. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between the size of the initial asymmetry during early split-belt walking (called error) and the aftereffect for step length. Hence, children may have more difficulty learning when the errors are large. The findings further suggest that the mechanisms controlling temporal and spatial adaptation are different and mature at different times.

scholarly journals Split-Belt Treadmill Adaptation Transfers to Overground Walking in Persons Poststroke

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 735-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darcy S. Reisman ◽  
Robert Wityk ◽  
Kenneth Silver ◽  
Amy J. Bastian
Keyword(s):  
Step Length ◽  
Overground Walking ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Context Switching ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Partial Transfer ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time ◽  
Control Locomotion

Background and Objective. Following stroke, subjects retain the ability to adapt interlimb symmetry on the split-belt treadmill. Critical to advancing our understanding of locomotor adaptation and its usefulness in rehabilitation is discerning whether adaptive effects observed on a treadmill transfer to walking over ground. We examined whether aftereffects following split-belt treadmill adaptation transfer to overground walking in healthy persons and those poststroke. Methods. Eleven poststroke and 11 age-matched and gender-matched healthy subjects walked over ground before and after walking on a split-belt treadmill. Adaptation and aftereffects in step length and double support time were calculated. Results. Both groups demonstrated partial transfer of the aftereffects observed on the treadmill ( P < .001) to overground walking ( P < .05), but the transfer was more robust in the subjects poststroke ( P < .05). The subjects with baseline asymmetry after stroke improved in asymmetry of step length and double limb support ( P = .06). Conclusions. The partial transfer of aftereffects to overground walking suggests that some shared neural circuits that control locomotion for different environmental contexts are adapted during split-belt treadmill walking. The larger adaptation transfer from the treadmill to overground walking in the stroke survivors may be due to difficulty adjusting their walking pattern to changing environmental demands. Such difficulties with context switching have been considered detrimental to function poststroke. However, we propose that the persistence of improved symmetry when changing context to overground walking could be used to advantage in poststroke rehabilitation.

scholarly journals OPTIC FLOW IMPROVES SPATIAL GAIT FUNCTIONING ESPECIALLY IN MEDIOLATERAL DIRECTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S658-S658
Author(s):  
Farahnaz Fallahtafti ◽  
Hyeon Jung Kim ◽  
Jennifer M Yentes ◽  
Dawn Venema ◽  
Julie Blaskewicz Boron
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Gait Performance ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

Abstract Instances where multiple tasks are completed simultaneously are considered high cognitive load situations (HCLS, also called dual-task), potentially affecting gait performance in older adults. Walking while talking is a common HCLS that requires additional cognitive resources. Optic flow (OF) provides visual information about speed and direction of self-motion, and thus, may ameliorate gait deficits under HCLS. This study aimed to identify the effect of HCLS, as well as OF, on gait performance in older adults. The HCLS included walking while talking on the phone, compared to walking alone. Fifteen older adults (70.86±4.7yrs) underwent four experimental conditions: walking alone with(1) and without OF(2), as well as walking while talking with(3) and without OF(4). Step width, step length, and double support time were measured and examined with 2(HCLS) x 2(OF) repeated-measures ANOVAs. There was a main effect of OF; step width was narrower with OF compared to without OF (p=0.048). For step length, there was a significant interaction between HCLS and OF (p=0.045). Without OF, there were no differences in step length; however, with OF step length was significantly longer when walking alone compared to when walking while talking (p=0.002). Double support time was not affected by HCLS or OF. Considering younger adults have longer and narrower steps compared to older adults, OF may have enhanced step width regardless of HCLS and step length when walking only. Using OF in training programs designed for older adults, could be a potential factor to improve spatial gait function, more so in the mediolateral direction.

scholarly journals Are the Timed Up and Go Test and Functional Reach Test Useful Predictors of Temporal and Spatial Gait Parameters in Elderly People?

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Sadowska ◽  
Margareta Gumny ◽  
Wiesław Osiński
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Functional Fitness ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Functional Reach ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Functional Reach Test ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Support Time

AbstractThe study aim was to analyse the relationships between the results of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Functional Reach Test (FRT), and the temporal and spatial gait parameters determined with the GAITRite system.The study included 60 healthy, physically active elderly people aged 70.4 ± 5.1 years. The participants’ functional fitness was evaluated with the TUG and FRT, and their temporal and spatial gait parameters – with the GAITRite system.The TUG results correlated inversely with the step length (Basic temporal and spatial parameters of gait at the preferred speed, i.e. velocity, step length, stance time, single support time, swing time, and double support time, explain up to 43% of the TUG outcome variance and 26% of the FRT results variance.

Physiological and Cognitive Determinants of Dual-Task Costs for Gait Parameters: The Yishun Study

Gerontology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lay Khoon Lau ◽  
Jagadish Ullal Mallya ◽  
Wei Jun Benedict Pang ◽  
Kexun Kenneth Chen ◽  
Khalid bin Abdul Jabbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Immediate Memory ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

Background: Studies indicate that physiological and cognitive aging are causally related and functionally interdependent. However, the relative contribution of physiological factors and cognition to dual-task costs (DTC) of gait parameters has not been well studied. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the trajectory of DTC of gait parameters across the adult age spectrum for both sexes and identified the contributions of physical and cognitive performance to DTC of gait. Methods: A total of 492 community-dwelling adults, aged 21–90 years, were randomly recruited into the study. Participants were divided into 7 age groups, with 10-year age range for each group. Demographic data, height, body mass, education level, and information on comorbidities were recorded. Cognition was measured using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Physical performance included visual contrast sensitivity, postural sway, hand reaction time, handgrip strength, knee extensor strength, and single-task and dual-task gait assessments. Stepwise multivariable regression was used to examine the association between physical and cognitive performance with DTC of gait parameters. Results: Women were found to have significantly higher DTC of gait speed (p = 0.01), cadence (p < 0.01), and double support time (p < 0.01) than men. However, significant aging effect on DTC of gait speed (p = 0.01), step length (p = 0.01), and double support time (p = 0.01) was observed in men but not in women. Immediate memory was the primary determinant for the DTC of gait speed (β = −0.25, p < 0.01), step length (β = −0.22, p < 0.01), and cadence (β = −0.15, p = 0.03) in men. Besides immediate memory, postural sway (β = −0.13, p = 0.03) and hand reaction (β = 0.14, p = 0.02) were also significantly associated with DTC of step length and cadence, respectively, in women. Conclusion: There were sex differences in the amplitude and trajectories of DTC of gait parameters. The DTC increased with age in men but not in women. Immediate memory was the primary determinant of DTC of gait parameters in men while immediate memory, postural sway, and reaction time were associated with DTC of gait in women. Future studies should investigate the clinical implications of the sex differences in the DTC with fall risks.

Effect of High-Heeled Shoes on Balance and Lower-Extremity Biomechanics During Walking in Experienced and Novice High-Heeled Shoe Wearers

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soul Lee ◽  
Miaomiao Xu ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Jing Xian Li
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Lower Extremity Biomechanics ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

Background Wearing high-heeled shoes and carrying asymmetrical loads are common in ladies. However, knowledge of the effects of wearing high-heeled shoes on balance and lower-extremity biomechanics in experienced and novice high-heeled shoe wearers is lacking. The study aims to examine the effects of high-heeled shoes and asymmetrical load carrying on joint kinematics and kinetics of the lower extremity during walking as well as balance in experienced and novice high-heeled shoe wearers. Methods Fifteen experienced and 15 novice high-heeled shoes wearers participated in this study. Using a motion analysis system, kinematic and kinetic data were collected while participants walked at their preferred speed in six conditions created from two types of shoes (9-cm high-heeled shoes and flat-heeled shoes) and three weights of symmetrical load (0%, 5%, and 10% of body weight). Stride time and length, step length, double support time, peak joint angles, and joint moments in a sagittal plane were analyzed. Single-leg and tandem-leg stance tests were performed in each condition. Results Compared with experienced high-heeled shoe wearers, novice high-heeled shoe wearers had longer double support time and shorter stride length during 10% of body weight asymmetrical load walking; walked with greater knee flexion angle, smaller knee range of motion, and smaller ankle dorsiflexor moment; and scored lower in the single-leg and tandem-leg stance tests. Conclusions Novice high-heeled shoe wearers need to alter their lower-limb joint angles and moments to adjust to high-heeled shoes to achieve balance during gait while carrying an asymmetrical load.

scholarly journals Changes of Motor Function according to Attention Differences in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-247
Author(s):  
Sun-Young Ha ◽  
Yun-Hee Sung
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Temporal Variables ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of electroencephalography (EEG) activity on balance and gait while physiotherapy in stroke patients.METHODS: General physiotherapy was applied to 18 stroke patients for 30 minutes per session, 5 times a week, for a total 4 weeks. EEG measured for one week while intervention. Based on the attention score, group was classified into high and low attention groups. We used functional reaching test to measure dynamic balance and GAITRite to measure spatiotemporal variables during gait.RESULTS: In the high attention group, the sensorimotor rhythm wave was high and the dynamic balance was significantly increased (p<.05). There were significant differences in stance time, single support time, and double support time among temporal variables (p<.05). There were significant differences in step length, stride length, swing % of cycle, stance % of cycle, single support % of cycle, and double support % of cycle among the spatial gait variables (p<.05).CONCLUSIONS: The high attention during physiotherapy helps improvement of balance and gait ability in stroke patients, therefore, it may be considered in intervention.

scholarly journals Kinematic and Kinetic Patterns Related to Free-Walking in Parkinson’s Disease

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Martínez ◽  
Federico Villagra ◽  
Juan Castellote ◽  
María Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Feature Selection ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Automatic Classification ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Gait Asymmetry ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

The aim of this study is to compare the properties of free-walking at a natural pace between mild Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients during the ON-clinical status and two control groups. In-shoe pressure-sensitive insoles were used to quantify the temporal and force characteristics of a 5-min free-walking in 11 PD patients, in 16 young healthy controls, and in 12 age-matched healthy controls. Inferential statistics analyses were performed on the kinematic and kinetic parameters to compare groups’ performances, whereas feature selection analyses and automatic classification were used to identify the signature of parkinsonian gait and to assess the performance of group classification, respectively. Compared to healthy subjects, the PD patients’ gait pattern presented significant differences in kinematic parameters associated with bilateral coordination but not in kinetics. Specifically, patients showed an increased variability in double support time, greater gait asymmetry and phase deviation, and also poorer phase coordination. Feature selection analyses based on the ReliefF algorithm on the differential parameters in PD patients revealed an effect of the clinical status, especially true in double support time variability and gait asymmetry. Automatic classification of PD patients, young and senior subjects confirmed that kinematic predictors produced a slightly better classification performance than kinetic predictors. Overall, classification accuracy of groups with a linear discriminant model which included the whole set of features (i.e., demographics and parameters extracted from the sensors) was 64.1%.

Gait differences between K3 and K4 persons with transfemoral amputation across level and non-level walking conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 626-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Sturk ◽  
Edward D Lemaire ◽  
Emily Sinitski ◽  
Nancy L Dudek ◽  
Markus Besemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Transfemoral Amputation ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Margin Of Stability ◽  
Trunk Acceleration ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

Background: A transfemoral amputee’s functional level can be classified from K-level 0 (lowest) to K-level 4 (highest). Knowledge of the biomechanical differences between K3 and K4 transfemoral amputation could help inform clinical professionals and researchers in amputee care and gait assessment. Objectives: Explore gait differences between K3- and K4-level transfemoral amputation across different surface conditions. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Four K3 and six K4 transfemoral amputation and 10 matched able-bodied individuals walked in a virtual environment with simulated level and non-level surfaces on a self-paced treadmill. Stability measures included medial-lateral margin of stability, step parameters, and gait variability (standard deviations for speed, temporal-spatial parameters, root-mean-square of medial-lateral trunk acceleration). Results: K3 walked slower than K4 with wider steps, greater root-mean-square of medial-lateral trunk acceleration, and greater medial-lateral margin of stability standard deviations, indicating their stability was further challenged. K3 participants had greater asymmetry in double support time and trunk acceleration root-mean-square in the medial-lateral direction, but similar asymmetry overall. K3 participants had larger differences from AB and in more parameters than K4, although K4 differed from AB in trunk acceleration root-mean-square in the medial-lateral direction, walking speed, and double support time standard deviations. Conclusion: The findings improve our understanding of K3 and K4 transfemoral amputation gait on slopes and simulated uneven surfaces. Clinical relevance High performing and community ambulatory transfemoral amputees cannot match the ambulatory abilities of ablebodied individuals. Understanding gait differences between these groups under conditions that challenge balance is required to develop rehabilitation protocols and prosthetic componentry targeted at improving transfemoral amputee gait and overall mobility in their chosen environment.

scholarly journals Gait performance of the elderly under dual-task conditions: Review of instruments employed and kinematic parameters

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele de Cássia Gomes ◽  
Luci Fuscaldi Teixeira-Salmela ◽  
Flávia Alexandra Silveira de Freitas ◽  
Maria Luísa Morais Fonseca ◽  
Marina de Barros Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

Introduction The physiological deterioration associated with ageing exposes elderly persons to greater risks of falls, especially during the performance of simultaneous tasks during gait. Objectives To evaluate the effects of dual tasks (DT) on spatiotemporal gait parameters and to identify the tools and tasks most commonly used to assess the performance of DT among the elderly. Method Searches of the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and SciELO databases were conducted. Observational studies, which evaluated gait changes during the performance of DT, published up to April 2014, were selected. Results A total of 385 articles were found, of which 28 were selected. Decreases in speed and increases in stride variability, stride time, step width, and double support time were observed under DT conditions. Motion analysis systems, such as the GAITRite walkway(r) system were the mostly commonly used instruments for the analyses of kinematic parameters (16 studies). DT was most commonly assessed by arithmetic calculations in 20 studies, followed by verbal fluency, in nine studies. The gait parameters most commonly assessed were speed (19 studies), followed by stride variability (14 studies). Conclusion The elderly showed changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters under DT conditions. Gait speed and stride variability were often assessed and, together, were considered good indicators of risks of falls.

The use of double support time for monitoring the gait of muscular dystrophy patients

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Khodadadeh ◽  
M.R. McClelland ◽  
A.V. Nene ◽  
J.H. Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document